Hartung, Jörg (2017) Behavioural and physical indicators of pain and distress in the horse. In: Atti della Accademia Peloritana dei Pericolanti - II Classe di Scienze Medico-Biologiche. Accademia Peloritana dei Pericolanti, Messina, pp. 5-12. ISBN 978-88-85864-04-7
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Abstract
Pain is a universal experience in humans and animals. However, it is sometimes difficult to define precisely the feeling which can be exaggerated or minimized depending on the needs of the individual (after Soma 1985). Descriptions of pain as dull, sharp, deep, and stinging can be used to define the specific type of sensation by humans (Soma 1985) and animals. Pain in animals has to be considered a potential source of suffering (Zimmermann 1986) and distress. Suffering (OECD 2000) is defined as “a negative emotional state that in human beings is produced by persistent pain and /or distress. It should be assumed that persistent pain or distress in animals leads to suffering in the absence of evidence to the contrary. If something is known to cause suffering in humans, it should be assumed to cause suffering in animals too.” Distress (OECD 2000) is defined as “an aversive state resulting from maladaption or inability to adapt to stressors. Physical or behavioral alterations may be signs of stress. Acute stress is not regarded as a cause of distress; it may be necessary to optimize vigilance and to reduce the risk of boredom. Distress is usually associated with a change in motility or locomotion, and can result in stereotype behavior.” A useful discussion of the terms stress and distress is given by Ewbank (1992) showing that distress is „a sensory and emotional experience accompanied by behavioural signs suggesting that the animal finds it unpleasant, which can lead to agony (fear), torture, suffering, mental suffering, frustration, inability to cope, with consequence of aggression or apathy
| Item Type: | Book Section |
|---|---|
| Subjects: | M.U.S. - Miscellanea > Atti Accademia Peloritana > Classe di Scienze Medico-Biologiche > 2015 M.U.S. - Miscellanea > Atti Accademia Peloritana > Classe di Scienze Medico-Biologiche |
| Depositing User: | Mr Nunzio Femminò |
| Date Deposited: | 03 Mar 2018 09:40 |
| Last Modified: | 03 Mar 2018 09:40 |
| URI: | http://cab.unime.it/mus/id/eprint/5254 |
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