The role of e-viztimization/bullying and self-efficacy on anxiety sensitivity in a school based sample

Özkan Çikrici

Abstract


The aim of present study was to investigate the relationships among self-efficacy, e-victimization, e-bullying and anxiety sensitivity in adolescents. To achieve research aims, two different researches were conducted. The research group in study 1, designed as a correlational research, consisted of 225 adolescents ranged in age between 11 and 17 with a mean age of 12.32 (SD = 1.10), 114 female (50.7%) and 111 male (49.3%). Additionally, study 2 was carried with 237 adolescents ranged in age between 14 and 18 with a mean age of 15.86 (SD = .89), 181 female (76.4%) and 56 (23.6%). The Self-Efficacy Scale for Children (SES-C), The Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI), The E-Victimization Scale (E-VS) and The E-Bullying Scale (E-BS) were used to as measures. Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient and simple linear regression analyses were used in the data analysis. The results show that anxiety sensitivity was not correlated with academic self-efficacy, social self-efficacy, emotional self-efficacy and e-victimization (Study 1). In study 2, it was found that anxiety sensitivity was negatively correlated with emotional self-efficacy. Moreover, anxiety sensitivity was not associated with academic self-efficacy, social self-efficacy and e-bullying. Overall, emotional self-efficacy accounted for 5% of total variance of anxiety sensitivity.

Keywords


Anxiety Sensitivity; Self-Efficacy; E-Victimization; EBullying, Adolescent

Full Text:

PDF

References


Allan, N. P., Albanese, B. J., Norr, A. M., Zvolensky, M. J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2015). Effects of anxiety sensitivity on alcohol problems: Evaluating chained mediation through generalized anxiety, depression and drinking motives. Addiction, 110(2), 260-268.

Allison, S., Roeger, L., & Reinfeld-Kirkman, N. (2009). Does school bullying affect adult health? Population survey of health-related quality of life and past victimization. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 43, 1163–1170.

Anderson, K. L. M. (2012). Cyber-bullying: The new kid on the block (Unpublished master’s thesis). California State University, Sacramento.

Arıcak, O. T., Kınay, H., & Tanrıkulu, T. (2012). Siber zorbalık ölçeğinin ilk psikometrik bulguları. Hasan Ali Yücel Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(1), 101-114.

Arseneault, L., Bowes, L., & Shakoor, S. (2010). Bullying victimization in youths and mental health problems: ‘much ado about nothing’? Psychological Medicine, 40, 717–729.

Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215.

Bandura, A. (1988). Self-efficacy conception of anxiety. Anxiety Research, 1, 77-98.

Bandura, A. (1989). Perceived self-efficacy in the exercise of personal agency. The Psychologist, 10, 411-424.

Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.

Bandura, A., & Cervone, D. (1986). Differential engagement of self reactive influences in cognitive motivation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 38, 92–113.

Bandura, A., Blanchard, E. B., & Ritter, B. (1969). Relative efficacy of desensitization and modeling approaches for inducing behavioral, affective, and attitudinal changes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13(3), 173-199.

Bandura, A., Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., Gerbino, M., & Pastorelli, C. (2003). Role of affective self-regulatory efficacy in diverse spheres of psychosocial functioning. Child Development, 74, 769 –782.

Bandura, A., Reese, A., & Adams, N.E. (1982). Microanalysis of action and fear arousal as a function of differential levels of perceived self-efficacy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 5-21.

Bandura, A., Taylor, C.B., Williams, S.L., Mefford, LN., & Barchas, J.D. (1985). Catecholamine secretion as a function of perceived coping self-efficacy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 406-414.

Beran, T., & Li, Q. (2005). Cyber-Harassment: A study of a new method for an old behavior. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 32, 265-277.

Chang, A. K., Park, J., & Sok, S. R. (2013). Relationships among self-efficacy, depression, life satisfaction, and adaptation among older Korean adults residing in for-profit professional nursing facilities. Journal of Nursing Research, 21(3), 162-169.

Cox, B. J., Endler, N. S. ve Swinson, R. P. (1991). Clinical and nonclinical panic attacks: An empirical test of a panic anxiety continuum. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 5, 21-34.

Çakmak, S. Ş. (2006). Psychometric properties of anxiety sensitivity index-revised and the relationship with drinking motives and alcohol use in Turkish university students and patients (Unpublished master’s thesis). Middle East Technical University, Ankara.

Çakmak, S. Ş., & Ayvaşık, H. B. (2007). The relationship between drinking motives and anxiety sensitivity in university students. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 22(60), 91-107.

Dempsey, A. G., Sulkowski, M. L., Nichols, R., & Storch, E. A. (2009). Differences between peer victimization in cyber and physical settings and associated psychosocial adjustment in early adolescence. Psychology in the Schools, 46(10), 962-972.

Donnell, C. D., & McNally, R. J. (1990). Anxiety sensitivity and panic attacks in a nonclinical population. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28 (1), 83-85.

Erözkan, A. (2012). Examination of relationship between anxiety sensitivity and parenting styles in adolescents. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 12(1), 43-57.

Erözkan, A. (2013). The Effect of Communication Skills and Interpersonal Problem Solving Skills on Social Self-Efficacy. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 13(2), 739-745.

Fitzpatrick, K. M., Dulin, A., & Piko, B. (2010). Bullying and depressive symptomatology among low-income, African-American youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 634–645.

García, L., & Martínez-Urrutia, Á. C. (1984). Self-efficacy theory applied to a case of school phobia. Revista Interamericana de Psicología, 18(1-2), 65-74.

Gençdoğan, B., & Çikrıkci, Ö. (2015). Reliability and validity studies of the Turkish version of the e-bullying scale (e-BS) and e-victimization scale (e-VS). Journal of Theory and Practice in Education, 11(1), 359-373.

Glasofer, D. R., Haaga, D. A., Hannallah, L., Field, S. E., Kozlosky, M., Reynolds, J., ... & Tanofsky‐Kraff, M. (2013). Self‐efficacy beliefs and eating behavior in adolescent girls at‐risk for excess weight gain and binge eating disorder. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 46(7), 663-668.

Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2007). Offline consequences of online victimization: school violence and delinquency. Journal of School Violence, 6, 89–112.

İskender, M., & Akin, A. (2010). Social self-efficacy, academic locus of control, and internet addiction. Computers & Education, 54(4), 1101-1106.

Jackson, C. L., & Cohen, R. (2012). Childhood victimization: Modeling the relation between classroom victimization, cyber victimization, and psychosocial functioning. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 1(4), 254-269.

Jeong, E. J., & Kim, D. H. (2011). Social activities, self-efficacy, game attitudes, and game addiction. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(4), 213-221.

Jurin, T., Jokic-Begic, N., & Korajlija, A. L. (2012). Factor structure and psychometric properties of the anxiety sensitivity index in a sample of Croatian adults. Assessment, 19(1), 31-41.

Killgore, W. D., Sonis, L. A., Rosso, I. M., & Rauch, S. L. (2016). Emotional Intelligence Partially Mediates the Association between Anxiety Sensitivity and Anxiety Symptoms1, 2. Psychological Reports, 118(1), 23-40.

Kinsaul, J. A., Curtin, L., Bazzini, D., & Martz, D. (2013). Empowerment, feminism, and self-efficacy: Relationships to body image and disordered eating. Body Image, 11(1), 63-67.

Kowalski, R. M., Limber, S. P., & Agatston, P. W. (2008). Cyber bullying: Bullying in the digital age. Malden, MA: Blackwell

Kumar, R., & Lal, R. (2006). The role of self-efficacy and gender difference among the adolescents. Journal of The Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 32(3), 249-254.

Låftman, S. B., Modin, B., & Östberg, V. (2013). Cyberbullying and subjective health: A large-scale study of students in Stockholm, Sweden. Children and Youth Services Review, 35, 112-119.

Lam, L. T., & Li, Y. (2013). The validation of the E-Victimisation Scale (E-VS) and the E- Bullying Scale (E-BS) for adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 3-7.

Landoll, R. R., La Greca, A. M., Lai, B. S., Chan, S. F., & Herge, W. M. (2015). Cyber victimization by peers: Prospective associations with adolescent social anxiety and depressive symptoms. Journal of Adolescence, 42, 77-86.

Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.

Leung, A. N., & McBride-Chang, C. (2013). Game on? Online friendship, cyberbullying, and psychosocial adjustment in Hong Kong Chinese children. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32(2), 159-185.

Litwiller, B. J., & Brausch, A. M. (2013). Cyber bullying and physical bullying in adolescent suicide: The role of violent behavior and substance use. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(5), 675-684.

Luukkonen, A. H., Räsänen, P., Hakko, H., & Riala, K. (2010). And STUDY-70 Workgroup, Bullying behavior in relation to psychiatric disorders and physical health among adolescents: a clinical cohort of 508 underage inpatient adolescents in Northern Finland. Psychiatry Research, 178, 166–170.

McMahon, E. M., Reulbach, U., Keeley, H., Perry, I. J., & Arensman, E. (2010). Bullying victimisation, self harm and associated factors in Irish adolescent boys. Social Science and Medicine, 71, 1300–1307.

McMillan, J. H., & Schumacher, S. (2006). Research in education: Evidence-based inquiry. (6th ed.). New York: Pearson.

Menesini, E., Modena, M., & Tani, F. (2009). Bullying and victimisation in adolescence. concurrent and stable roles and psychological health symptoms. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 170, 115–133.

Muris, P. (2001). A brief questionnaire for measuring self-efficacy in youths.Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23(3), 145-149.

Muris, P. (2002). Relationships between self-efficacy and symptoms of anxiety disorders and depression in a normal adolescent sample. Personality and individual differences, 32(2), 337-348.

Nixon, C. L. (2014). Current perspectives: The impact of cyberbullying on adolescent health. Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics, 5, 143-158.

Odacı, H., Çelik, Ç. B., & Çikrıkci, Ö. (2013). Predicting candidate psychological counselors’ goal orientations as related to several variables. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 4(39), 95-105.

Olenik-Shemesh, D., Heikman, T., & Eden, S. (2012). Cyber bullying victimization in adolescence: Relationships with loneliness and depressive mood. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 17(3-4), 361-374.

Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2006). Bullies move beyond the schoolyard a preliminary look at cyberbullying. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 4(2), 148-169.

Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2010). Cyberbullying and self-esteem. Journal of School Health, 80, 614-621.

Pompili, M., Innamorati, M., Lester, D., Brunetti, S., Tatarelli, R., & Girardi, P. (2007). Gender effects among undergraduates relating to suicide risk, impulsivity, aggression and self-efficacy. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(8), 2047-2056.

Putwain, D., Sander, P., & Larkin, D. (2013). Academic self‐efficacy in study‐related skills and behaviours: Relations with learning‐related emotions and academic success. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 83(4), 633-650.

Reiss, S. (1991). Expectancy model of fear, anxiety, and panic. Clinical Psychology Review, 11, 141-153.

Reiss, S., & McNally, R. J. (1985). Expectancy model of fear. In S. Reiss & R. R. Bootzin (Eds.), Theoretical issues in behavior therapy (pp. 107-121) San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Reiss, S., Peterson, R.A., Gursky, D. M., & McNally, R.J. (1986). Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency, and the prediction of fearfulness. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 1-8.

Richards, J. C., Richardson, V., & Pier, C. (2002). The relative contributions of negative cognitions and self-efficacy to severity of panic disorder. Behaviour Change, 19(2), 102-111.

Rivituso, G. (2012). Cyberbullying: an exploration of the lived experiences and the psychological impact of victimization among college students an interpretive phenomenological analysis (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Northeastern University, Boston.

Ruiz, F. J. (2014). Psychological inflexibility mediates the effects of self-efficacy and anxiety sensitivity on worry. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 17, 1-8.

Seçer, İ., & Gülbahçe, A. (2013). Adaptation of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index for children to Turkish: The study of validity and reliability. Middle Eastern & African Journal of Educational Research, 3, 91-106.

Silverman, W. K., Fleisig, W., Rabian, B., & Peterson, R. A. (1991). Childhood anxiety sensitivity index. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology,20(2), 162-168.

Slavin, R. E. (2003). Educational psychology: Theory and practice (7th ed.). Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.

Strom, P.S., & Strom, R.D. (2005). When teens turn cyberbullies. The Education Digest, 71(4), 35–41.

Tattum, D., & Tattum, E. (1992). Social education and personal development. London: David Fulton.

Taylor, S. (1995). Anxiety sensitivity.: Theoretical perspectives and recent findings. Behaviour Research and Threapy, 33, 243-258.

Taylor, S. (2000). Understanding and treating panic disorder. New York: Wiley.

Taylor, S., Jang, K. L., Stewart, S. H., & Stein, M. B. (2008). Etio­logy of the dimensions of anxiety sensitivity: A behavioral-ge­netic analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 899-914.

Taylor, S., Koch, W. J., Woody, S., & McLean, P. (1996). Anxiety sensitivity and depression: How are they related? Journal of Ab­normal Psychology, 105, 474-479.

Telef, B. B., & Karaca, R. (2012). The self-efficacy scale for children; A validity and reliability study. Journal of Buca Faculty of Education, (32), 169-187.

Tharp-Taylor, S., Haviland, A., & D’Amico, E. J. (2009). Victimization from mental and physical bullying and substance use in early adolescence. Addictive Behaviors, 34, 561–567.

Vuong, M., Brown-Welty, S., & Tracz, S. (2010). The effects of self-efficacy on academic success of first-generation college sophomore students. Journal of College Student Development, 51(1), 50-64.

Wong, D. S., Chan, H. C. O., & Cheng, C. H. (2014). Cyberbullying perpetration and victimization among adolescents in Hong Kong. Children and Youth Services Review, 36, 133-140.

Yılmaz, S., Bilgiç, A., Akça, Ö. F., Türkoğlu, S., & Hergüner, S. (2016). Relationships among depression, anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and perceived social support in adolescents with conversion disorder. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 20(1), 10-18.

Zerach, G., & Magal, O. (2016). Anxiety sensitivity among first-time fathers moderates the relationship between exposure to stress during birth and posttraumatic stress symptoms. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 204, 381-387.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.6092/2282-1619/2017.5.1377

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.