A narrative review on alexithymia in adolescents with previous adverse experiences placed for adoption, in foster care, or institutions. Prevalence, gender differences, and relations with internalizing and externalizing symptoms

Stefania Muzi

Abstract


Alexithymia is a recognized risk factor for psychopathology, showing relationships with internalizing and externalizing symptoms. The prevalence of alexithymia ranges from 7-21% in low-risk community adolescents, especially girls. Further, few retrospective studies suggest a higher incidence in individuals with past traumatic experiences, but they are mostly on clinical adults. Therefore, the current narrative review aimed to examine the state-of-art of literature on alexithymia (in terms of prevalence, gender differences, and relationships with internalizing-externalizing symptoms), in non-clinical adolescents potentially at “high-risk” for alexithymia because placed for adoption, in foster care or institutions due to adverse and potentially traumatic experiences (parental abandonment, neglect, abuse, etc).


The review of the literature was computed on documents retrieved through electronic databases (ProQuest, PsycInfo, PsycArticles, PubMed, WOS, Scopus, Google Scholar), included according to their pertinence and type (empirical studies). Of 6379 documents, only 6 studies (0.2%) on institutionalized adolescents met the inclusion criteria, none in adopted and foster care groups. 


Main results revealed: 1) higher prevalence of alexithymia in institutionalized adolescents (38-85%) compared to community peers; 2) institutionalized girls as more alexithymic, showing more difficulty in identifying and describing feelings than boys, like in community groups; 3) Higher alexithymia was related to more total, internalizing and externalizing problems through similar mechanisms of risk than in community groups. Methodological limits and future directions of research are discussed for each topic, highlighting the need to bridge the research gap on adolescents with adverse backgrounds, potentially at “high-risk” for alexithymia and its negative consequences.

Keywords


Alexithymia; Adolescents; Institutionalized children; Foster care; Emotional-behavioral problems.

Full Text:

PDF

References


Allen, L. B., Lu, Q., Tsao, J. C., Hayes, L. P., & Zeltzer, L. K. (2011). Depression partially mediates the relationship between alexithymia and somatization in a sample of healthy children. Journal of Health Psychology, 16(8), 1177-1186. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105311402407.

Achenbach, T. M., Ivanova, M. Y., & Rescorla, L. A. (2017). Empirically based assessment and taxonomy of psychopathology for ages 1½–90+ years: Developmental, multi-informant, and multicultural findings. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 79, 4-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.03.006.

Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA school—age forms and profiles. University of Vermont, Research Center for Children Youth and Families.

Askeland, K. G., Hysing, M., La Greca, A. M., Aarø, L. E., Tell, G. S., & Sivertsen, B. (2017). Mental health in internationally adopted adolescents: A meta-analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(3), 203-213. https://doi.org/1 10.1016/j.jaac.2016.12.009.

Bagby, R. M., Parker, J. D., & Taylor, G. J. (1994). The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale—I. Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure. Journal of psychosomatic research, 38(1), 23-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(94)90005-1

Bagby, R. M., Taylor, G. J., Parker, J. D., & Dickens, S. E. (2006). The development of the Toronto Structured Interview for Alexithymia: item selection, factor structure, reliability and concurrent validity. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics, 75(1), 25-39. https://doi.org/10.1159/000089224.

Balottin, L., Nacinovich, R., Bomba, M., & Mannarini, S. (2014). Alexithymia in parents and adolescent anorexic daughters: comparing the responses to TSIA and TAS-20 scales. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 10, 1941-1951. https://dx.doi.org/10.2147%2FNDT.S67642

Ballarotto, G., Porreca, A., Erriu, M., Ronconi, L., Cimino, S., Cerniglia, L., & Tambelli, R. (2017). Does alexithymia have a mediating effect between impulsivity and emotional-behavioural functioning in adolescents with binge eating disorder?. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 14(4) 247-256.

Barone, L., & Lionetti, F. (2012). Attachment and emotional understanding: A study on late‐adopted pre‐schoolers and their parents. Child: care, health and development, 38(5), 690-696. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2011.01296.x

Barroso, R., Barbosa-Ducharne, M., Coelho, V., Costa, I. S., & Silva, A. (2017). Psychological adjustment in intercountry and domestic adopted adolescents: A systematic review. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 34(5), 399-418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-016-0485-x.

Basile, G., Monniello, G., & Quadrana, L. (2009). Alessitimia e disturbi di personalità in adolescenza. Psichiatria dell'infanzia e dell'adolescenza, 76(3), 1000-1019. https://doi.org/10.1400/164458.

Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of general psychiatry, 4(6), 561-571. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004

Boisjoli, C., Hébert, M., Gauthier-Duchesne, A., & Caron, P. O. (2019). A mediational model linking perceptions of security, alexithymia and behavior problems of sexually abused children. Child abuse & neglect, 92, 66-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.03.017.

Bronsard, G., Alessandrini, M., Fond, G., Loundou, A., Auquier, P., Tordjman, S., & Boyer, L. (2016). The prevalence of mental disorders among children and adolescents in the child welfare system: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine, 95(7), e2622. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000002622.

Campos, J., Barbosa-Ducharne, M., Dias, P., Rodrigues, S., Martins, A. C., & Leal, M. (2019). Emotional and Behavioral Problems and Psychosocial Skills in Adolescents in Residential Care. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 36(3), 237–246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-018-0594-9

Caretti, V., Porcelli, P., Solano, L., Schimmenti, A., Bagby, R. M., & Taylor, G. J. (2011). Reliability and validity of the Toronto Structured Interview for Alexithymia in a mixed clinical and nonclinical sample from Italy. Psychiatry research, 187(3), 432-436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2011.02.015

Carpenter, L., & Chung, M. C. (2011). Childhood trauma in obsessive compulsive disorder: The roles of alexithymia and attachment. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 84(4), 367-388. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.2010.02003.x

Coll, K. M., Freeman, B. J., Butgereit, J., Thobro, P., & Haas, R. (2012). The youth comprehensive risk assessment (YCRA) as a treatment guidance tool for adolescents with behavioral and developmental challenges. Ment Illnesses-Eval Treatments Implications, 2, 65-74. https://doi.org/10.5772/29747

Chrétien, S. L., Ensink, K., Descoteaux, J., & Normandin, L. (2018). Measuring grandiose and vulnerable narcissism in adolescents. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 6(2), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.6092/2282-1619/2018.6.1848

Das, J. K., Salam, R. A., Lassi, Z. S., Khan, M. N., Mahmood, W., Patel, V., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2016). Interventions for adolescent mental health: an overview of systematic reviews. Journal of Adolescent Health, 59(4), S49-S60. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jadohealth.2016.06.020

Deborde, A. S., Berthoz, S., Wallier, J. M., Fermanian, J., Falissard, B., Jeammet, P., & Corcos, M. (2008). The Bermond-Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire cutoff scores: a study in eating-disordered and control subjects. Psychopathology, 41(1), 43-49. https://doi.org/10.1159/000109955

Deborde, A. S., Miljkovitch, R., Roy, C., Dugré-Le Bigre, C., Pham-Scottez, A., Speranza, M., & Corcos, M. (2012). Alexithymia as a mediator between attachment and the development of borderline personality disorder in adolescence. Journal of Personality Disorders, 26(5), 676-688. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2012.26.5.676

Derogatis, L. R. (1994). Symptom Checklist-90-R: Administration, scoring & procedure manual for the revised version of the SCL-90. National Computer Systems.

Di Trani, M., Presaghi, F., Renzi, A., Greenman, P. S., & Solano, L. (2018). The Italian Version of the Alexithymia Questionnaire for Children (AQC): factor structure and reliability. Rassegna di Psicologia, 35(2), 47-60.

Di Trani, M., Tomassetti, N., Capozzi, F., Solano, L., Romani, M., & Levi, G. (2013). Alessitimia, sintomatologia internalizzante, esternalizzante ed ossesivo-compulsiva in pre-adolescenza: studio empirico su 160 soggetti. Rassegna Di Psicologia, 30(3), 77-94. https://doi.org/10.7379/75666

Donfrancesco, R., Di Trani, M., Gregori, P., Auguanno, G., Melegari, M. G., Zaninotto, S., & Luby, J. (2013). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and alexithymia: a pilot study. ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 5(4), 361-367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12402-013-0115-9.

Dorard, G., Berthoz, S., Haviland, M. G., Phan, O., Corcos, M., & Bungener, C. (2008). Multimethod alexithymia assessment in adolescents and young adults with a cannabis use disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 49(6), 585-592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.05.001

Erden, D. (2005). Relationship Between Unlike Grow up Conditions and Alexithymia, Depression, Psychopathology. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 8(2), 60-66.

Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., & Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American journal of preventive medicine, 14(4), 245-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8

Ferrari, R. (2015). Writing narrative style literature reviews. Medical Writing, 24(4), 230-235. https://doi.org/10.1179/2047480615Z.000000000329

Franz, M., Popp, K., Schaefer, R., Sitte, W., Schneider, C., Hardt, J., ... & Braehler, E. (2008). Alexithymia in the German general population. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 43(1), 54-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-007-0265-1

Garisch, J. A., Wilson, M. S. (2010), Vulnerabilities to deliberate self‐harm among adolescents: The role of alexithymia and victimization. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49, 151-162. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466509X441709

Gatta, M.. et al.. (2011). Alexithymia in juvenile primary headache sufferers: a pilot study. The journal of headache and pain, 12(1), 71–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10194-010-0248-6

Gatta, M., Dal Santo, F., Rago, A., Spoto, A., & Battistella, P. A. (2016). Alexithymia, impulsiveness, and psychopathology in nonsuicidal self-injured adolescents. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 12, 2307. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S106433

Gatta, M., Facca, I., Colombo, E., Svanellini, L., Montagnese, S., & Schiff, S. (2014). Alexithymia, psychopathology and alcohol misuse in adolescence: a population based study on 3556 teenagers. Neuroscience and Medicine, 5(01), 60. https://doi.org/10.4236/nm.2014.51009.

Gray, C. L., Pence, B. W., Ostermann, J., Whetten, R. A., O’Donnell, K., Thielman, N. M., & Whetten, K. (2015). Prevalence and incidence of traumatic experiences among orphans in institutional and family-based settings in 5 low-and middle-income countries: A longitudinal study. Global Health: Science and Practice, 3(3), 395-404. https://dx.doi.org/10.9745%2FGHSP-D-15-00093

Green, B. N., Johnson, C. D., & Adams, A. (2006). Writing narrative literature reviews for peer-reviewed journals: secrets of the trade. Journal of chiropractic medicine, 5(3), 101-117. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0899-3467(07)60142-6

Greeson, J. K. et al.. (2011). Complex trauma and mental health in children and adolescents placed in foster care: Findings from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network. Child welfare, 90(6), 91-108.

Haviland, M. G., Warren, W. L., & Riggs, M. L. (2000). An observer scale to measure alexithymia. Psychosomatics: Journal of Consultation and Liaison Psychiatry, 41(5), 385–392. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psy.41.5.385

Hébert, M., Boisjoli, C., Blais, M., & Oussaïd, E. (2018). Alexithymia as a mediator of the relationship between child sexual abuse and psychological distress in adolescence: A short-term longitudinal study. Psychiatry research, 260, 468-472. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.psychres.2017.12.022

Honkalampi, K., De Berardis, D., Vellante, F., & Viinamäki, H. (2018). Relations between Alexithymia and Depressive and Anxiety Disorders and Personality. In O. Luminet, R. Bagby, & G. Taylor (Eds.), Alexithymia: Advances in Research, Theory, and Clinical Practice (pp. 142-157). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108241595.011

Honkalampi, K., Tolmunen, T., Hintikka, J., Rissanen, M. L., Kylmä, J., & Laukkanen, E. (2009). The prevalence of alexithymia and its relationship with Youth Self-Report problem scales among Finnish adolescents. Comprehensive psychiatry, 50 (3), 263-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.08.007.

Howe‐Martin, L. S., Murrell, A. R., & Guarnaccia, C. A. (2012). Repetitive nonsuicidal self‐injury as experiential avoidance among a community sample of adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68 (7), 809-829. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21868

Karukivi, M., Hautala, L., Korpelainen, J., Haapasalo-Pesu, K. M., Liuksila, P. R., Joukamaa, M., & Saarijärvi, S. (2010a). Alexithymia and eating disorder symptoms in adolescents. Eating Disorders, 18 (3), 226-238. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640261003719518.

Karukivi, M., Hautala, L., Kaleva, O., Haapasalo-Pesu, K. M., Liuksila, P. R., Joukamaa, M., & Saarijärvi, S. (2010b). Alexithymia is associated with anxiety among adolescents. Journal of affective disorders, 125 (1-3), 383-387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.02.126

Krystal, H. (1988). Integration and Selfhealing: Affect, Trauma, Alexithymia. Analytic Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315799032

La Ferlita, V., Bonadies, M., Solano, L., De Gennaro, L., & Gonini, P. (2007). Alessitimia e adolescenza: studio preliminare di validazione della TAS-20 su un campione di 360 adolescenti italiani. Infanzia e adolescenza, 6(3), 131-144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1710/324.3814

Lavaf, H., Ghanbari, S., & Shokri, O. (2016). The mediating role of internalizing problems in the relationship between alexithymia and externalizing problems. Developmental Psychology: Journal of Iranian Psychologists, 12 (48), 413-425.

Loas, G., Speranza, M., Pham-Scottez, A., Perez-Diaz, F., & Corcos, M. (2012). Alexithymia in adolescents with borderline personality disorder. Journal of psychosomatic research, 72(2), 147-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.11.006

Loas, G., Braun, S., Delhaye, M., & Linkowski, P. (2017). The measurement of alexithymia in children and adolescents: Psychometric properties of the Alexithymia Questionnaire for Children and the twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale in different non-clinical and clinical samples of children and adolescents. PloS one, 12(5), e0177982. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177982

Mannarini, S., Balottin, L., Toldo, I., & Gatta, M. (2016). Alexithymia and psychosocial problems among Italian preadolescents. A latent class analysis approach. Scandinavian journal of psychology, 57(5), 473-481. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12300.

Marchetti, A., & Cavalli, G. (2013). Le difficoltà emotive nello sviluppo: il caso dell’alessitimia e dell’autolesionismo. Dalla ricerca psicologica e neuroscientifica alla psicoterapia. Rivista internazionale di Filosofia e Psicologia, 4(3), 355-369. https://doi.org/10.4453/rifp.2013.0034

Merlo, E. M. (2019). Adolescent phobia as a “mask object”. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 7(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.6092/2282-1619/2019.7.2241

Messina, A., Beadle, J. N., & Paradiso, S. (2014). Towards a classification of alexithymia: primary, secondary and organic. Journal of psychopathology, 20, 38-49.

Manninen, M., Therman, S., Suvisaari, J., Ebeling, H., Moilanen, I., Huttunen, M., & Joukamaa, M. (2011). Alexithymia is common among adolescents with severe disruptive behavior. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 199(7), 506-509. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3182214281

Moriguchi, Y., Maeda, M., Igarashi, T., Ishikawa, T., Shoji, M., Kubo, C., & Komaki, G. (2007). Age and gender effect on alexithymia in large, Japanese community and clinical samples: a cross-validation study of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). BioPsychoSocial medicine, 1(1), 7. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1751-0759-1-7

Mota, C. P., & Matos, P. M. (2016). Caregivers’ attachment and mental health: Effects on perceived bond in institutional care. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 47(2), 110–119. https://doi.org/10.1037/pro0000047

Musa, R., Shafiee, N. S., Zulkifli, N. A., Kamaruzaman, N. A., & Radeef, A. S. (2019). Family values and psychological distress among adolescents. Is there any association? A comparison study in Malaysia. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 7(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.6092/2282-1619/2019.7.2037

Muzi, S. (2018). Risk factors for emotional- behavioral problems in residential-care and late- adopted adolescents: a pilot study with narrative interviews for attachment and alexithymia. In Condino, V., D'Agostino, A., Gagliardini, G. (Eds.) Proceedings of XX National Congress Italian Psychological Association Clinical and Dynamic section, Urbino 7-9 September 2018 (p. 95). Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 6 (2 suppl.). https://doi.org/10.6092/2282-1619/2018.6.1938

Muzi, S., Pace, C.S., Burlando, L., & Rossi, G. (2019). Multimethod assessment of alexithymia and its relations with emotional problems in institutionalized adolescents. In Bottini, M., Carnelli, L.,Di Sarno, M., Perego, G., & Tognasso, G. (Eds.) Proceedings XXI National Congress Italian Psychological Association, Clinical and Dynamic Section, Milan 27-29 September 2019, SYMPOSIUM SESSION (p. 234). Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 7 (2 suppl.). https://doi.org/10.6092/2282-1619/2019.7.2267

Muzi S., & Pace C.S. (2020). Relazioni tra sintomi internalizzanti ed esternalizzanti, attaccamento, regolazione emotiva e alessitimia in adolescenti in comunità residenziale. Psicologia clinica dello sviluppo, 24(1), 117-126. https://doi.org/10.1449/96484

Nemiah, J. C., Freyberger, H., & Sifneos, P. E. (1976). Alexithymia: A view of the psychosomatic process. In O. W. Hill (Ed.), Modern trends in psychosomatic medicine, Vol. 3 (pp. 430-439). Butterworths. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700004724

Pace, C.S., Guiducci, V., & Cavanna, D. (2016). A controlled study of attachment representations and emotion regulation in female adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 4(1), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.6092/2282-1619/2016.4.1187

Pace, C. S., & Muzi, S. (2019). Binge-eating symptoms, emotional-behavioral problems and gender differences among adolescents: a brief report. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 7(2), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.6092/2282-1619/2019.7.2161

Parker, J. D., Eastabrook, J. M., Keefer, K. V., & Wood, L. M. (2010). Can alexithymia be assessed in adolescents? Psychometric properties of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale in younger, middle, and older adolescents. Psychological assessment, 22(4), 798. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020256

Parker, J. D., Wood, L. M., Bond, B. J., & Shaughnessy, P. (2005). Alexithymia in young adulthood: a risk factor for pathological gambling. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 74(1), 51-55. http://doi.org/10.1159/000082027

Paull, K. (2013) Alexithymia, attachment and psychological wellbeing in young adults leaving care. [Doctoral dissertation, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK]. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6a43/74e561c89154cce4fbd482a308cbc102a351.pdf

Patwardhan, I., Mason, W. A., Chmelka, M. B., Savolainen, J., Miettunen, J., & Järvelin, M. R. (2019). Prospective relations between alexithymia, substance use and depression: findings from a National Birth Cohort. Nordic journal of psychiatry, 73(6), 340-348. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2019.1634758

Pellerone, M., Formica, I., Lopez, M. H., Migliorisi, S., & Granà, R. (2017). Relationship between parenting, alexithymia and adult attachment styles: a cross-national study in Sicilian and Andalusian young adults. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 5(2), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.6092/2282-1619/2017.5.1557

Pellerone, M., Ramaci, T., & Heshmati, R. (2019). The “mask” filtered by the new media: family functioning, perception of risky behaviors and internet addiction in a group of Italian adolescents. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 7(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.6092/2282-1619/2019.7.2237

Pihet, S., Suter, M., Halfon, O., & Stephan, P. (2012). Profile of male adolescents with conduct disorder on intellectual efficacy, cognitive flexibility, cognitive coping, impulsivity and alexithymia: A comparison with high-risk controls. The European Journal of Psychiatry, 26(4), 215-226. http://dx.doi.org/10.4321/S0213-61632012000400001

Powell, S., Coll, K. M., Trotter, A., Thobro, P., & Haas, R. (2011). Psychosocial correlates of alexithymia in a rural adolescent residential population. Residential Treatment for Children & Youth, 28(4), 327-344. https://doi.org/10.1080/0886571X.2011.625284

Prino, L. E., Longobardi, C., Fabris, M. A., Parada, R. H., & Settanni, M. (2019). Effects of bullying victimization on internalizing and externalizing symptoms: the mediating role of alexithymia. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(9), 2586-2593. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01484-8

Rieffe, C., Meerum Terwogt, M., Petrides, K.V., Cowan, C., Miers, A.C., & Tolland, A. (2007). Psychometric properties of the Emotion Awareness Questionnaire for children. Personality and Individual Differences, 43 (1), 95-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.11.015

Rieffe, C., Oosterveld, P., & Terwogt, M. M. (2006). An alexithymia questionnaire for children: Factorial and concurrent validation results. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(1), 123-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.05.013

Rieffe, C., Oosterveld, P., Terwogt, M. M., Novin, S., Nasiri, H., & Latifian, M. (2010). Relationship between alexithymia, mood and internalizing symptoms in children and young adolescents: Evidence from an Iranian sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(4), 425-430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.11.010

Samur, D., Tops, M., Schlinkert, C., Quirin, M., Cuijpers, P., & Koole, S. L. (2013). Four decades of research on alexithymia: moving toward clinical applications. Frontiers in psychology, 4, 861. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00861

Sayar, K., Kose, S., Grabe, H. J., & Topbas, M. (2005). Alexithymia and dissociative tendencies in an adolescent sample from Eastern Turkey. Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 59(2), 127-134. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2005.01346.x

Schimmenti, A., & Caretti, V. (2018). Attachment, Trauma, and Alexithymia. In Luminet, O., Bagby, R.M. & Taylor, J.G. (Eds.), Alexithymia: Advances in Research, Theory, and Clinical Practice (pp. 127-141). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108241595.010

Sekely, A., Bagby, R. M., & Porcelli, P. (2018). Assessment of the alexithymia construct. In Luminet, O., Bagby, R.M. & Taylor, J.G. (Eds.), Alexithymia: Advances in Research, Theory, and Clinical Practice (pp. 17-32). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108241595.004

Settineri, S. (2019). Clinical Psychology and adolescence. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 7(2), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.6092/2282-1619/2019.7.2248

Shank, L. M. et al.. (2019). The association between alexithymia and eating behavior in children and adolescents. Appetite, 142 (1), 104381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104381

Sifneos, P. E. (1973). The prevalence of "alexithymic" characteristics in psychosomatic patients. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 22(2-6), 255–262. https://doi.org/10.1159/000286529

Taylor, G. J., Bagby, R. M., & Parker, J. D. A. (1997). Disorders of affect regulation: Alexithymia in medical and psychiatric illness. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511526831

Taylor, G. J., & Bagby, R. M. (2012). The alexithymia personality dimension. In T. A. Widiger (Ed.), Oxford library of psychology. The Oxford handbook of personality disorders (p. 648–673). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199735013.013.0030

Uzal, G., Yavuz, M., Akdeniz, B., Calli, S., & Bolat, N. (2018). Istanbul ilinde ogrenim goren lise ogrencilerinde aleksitimi karakter ozellikleri ile ust bilis ozellikleri ve ruhsal sorunlar arasindaki iliskinin incelenmesi [Investigating the relationships between alexithymia characteristics, meta-cognitive features and mental problems in high school students in Istanbul]. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 19(5), 478-485. https://doi.org/10.5455/apd.289804

van der Cruijsen, R., Murphy, J., & Bird, G. (2019). Alexithymic traits can explain the association between puberty and symptoms of depression and anxiety in adolescent females. PloS one, 14(1), e0210519. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210519

Vorst, H. C., & Bermond, B. (2001). Validity and reliability of the Bermond–Vorst alexithymia questionnaire. Personality and individual differences, 30(3), 413-434. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00033-7

Zegers, M. A., Schuengel, C., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Janssens, J. M. (2006). Attachment representations of institutionalized adolescents and their professional caregivers: Predicting the development of therapeutic relationships. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(3), 325-334. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.76.3.325

Zimmermann, G. (2006). Delinquency in male adolescents: The role of alexithymia and family structure. Journal of adolescence, 29(3), 321-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.08.001

Zonnevylle-Bender, M. J., Van Goozen, S. H., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., van Elburg, T. A., & Van Engeland, H. (2004). Emotional functioning in adolescent anorexia nervosa patients. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 13(1), 28-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-004-0351-9

Zorzella, K. P. M., Muller, R. T., Cribbie, R. A., Bambrah, V., & Classen, C. C. (2020). The role of alexithymia in trauma therapy outcomes: Examining improvements in PTSD, dissociation, and interpersonal problems. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(1), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000433




DOI: https://doi.org/10.6092/2282-1619/mjcp-2449

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.