Maladaptive Instagram Use Among Young Adults: The Mediating Role of Basic Psychological Needs on Body Dissatisfaction

Concettina Caparello, Valeria Verrastro, Loriana Castellani, Pina Filippello, Luana Sorrenti

Abstract


Instagram is an image-sharing social networking service (SNS) particularly enjoyed by young adults. It excessive and problematic use impacts users’ body image (BI). Individuals with negative BI feel dissatisfied with their appearance and body, and perceive a discrepancy between their current and ideal image. Instagram, in contrast to other SNS, focused uniquely on image-based content. As such, it is likely that Instagram differs from other social media in term of mediating processes linking its use to BI, reflecting the need to understanding the relationship between maladaptive Instagram use and body dissatisfaction. The main purpose of this study is to investigate, through a self-determination theory (SDT) framework, the mediating role of basic psychological needs (BPN) satisfaction/frustration and needs-supportive/needs-thwarting interpersonal behaviors on the relationship between maladaptive Instagram use and body dissatisfaction. The results showed the role of BPN satisfaction/frustration (autonomy, competence and relatedness) in the relationship between maladaptive Instagram use and body dissatisfaction. The sample comprised 525 young adults from several Italian university. This study extends the knowledge of the factors that can be related to the BI of young adults, with important application implications. 


Keywords


Maladaptive Instagram use; Body Image; Basic Psychological Need; Need Interpersonal Behavior; Self-Determination Theory.

Full Text:

PDF

References


Andreassen, C. S., Billieux, J., Griffiths, M. D., Kuss, D. J., Demetrovics, Z., Mazzoni, E., & Pallesen, S. (2016). The relationship between addictive use of social media and video games and symptoms of psychiatric disorders: A large-scale cross-sectional study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 30, 252–262. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000160

Andreassen, C.S., Torsheim, T., Brunborg, G.S., & Pallesen, S. (2012). Development of a Facebook Addiction Scale. Psychological reports, 110(2), 501–517. https://doi.org/10.2466/02.09.18.PR0.110.2.501-517

Arroyo, A., & Brunner, S.R. (2016). Negative body talk as an outcome of friends’ fitness posts on social networking sites: Body surveillance and social comparison as potential moderators. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 44(3), 216–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2016.1192293

Avalos, L.C., & Tylka, T.L. (2006). Exploring a model of intuitive eating with college women. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(4), 486–497. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.4.486

Bagozzi, R.P., & Edwards, J.R. (1998). A general approach to representing constructs in organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 1, 45–87. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F109442819800100104

Bagozzi, R.P., & Heatherton, T.F. (1994). A general approach to representing multifaceted personality constructs: Application to state self-esteem. Structural Equation Modeling, 1, 35–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519409539961

Bányai, F., Zsila, Á., Király, O., Maraz, A., Elekes, Z., Griffiths, M.D., Andreassen, C.S., & Demetrovics, Z. (2017). Problematic Social Media Use: Results from a Large-Scale Nationally Representative Adolescent Sample. PloS one, 12(1), e0169839. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169839

Barron, A. M., Krumrei-Mancuso, E. J., & Harriger, J. A. (2021). The effects of fitspiration and self-compassion Instagram posts on body image and self-compassion in men and women. Body Image, 37, 14-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.01.003

Bartholomew, K., Ntoumanis, N., & Thorgenson-Ntoumani, C. (2009). A review of controlling motivational strategies from a self-determination theory perspective: Implications for sports coaches. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2, 215–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/17509840903235330

Bartholomew, K.J., Ntoumanis, N., Ryan, R., Bosch, J.A., & Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C. (2011). Self-determination theory and diminished functioning: the role of interpersonal control and psychological need thwarting. Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1459e1473. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211413125

Baumeister, R.F., & Leary, M.R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033- 2909.117.3.497

Brichacek, A., Neill, J., & Murray, K. (2018). The effect of basic psychological needs and exposure to idealised Facebook images on university students’ body satisfaction. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 12(3), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2018-3-2

Bucchianeri, M.M., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2014). Body dissatisfaction: An overlooked public health concern. Journal of Public Mental Health, 13(2), 64–69. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMH-11-2013-0071

Buzzai, C., Filippello, P., Caparello, C., & Sorrenti, L. (2022). Need-supportive and need-thwarting interpersonal behaviors by teachers and classmates in adolescence: The mediating role of basic psyhcological needs on school alienation and academic achievement. Social Psychology of Education, 25(4). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11218-022-09711-9

Buzzai, C., Filippello, P., Costa, S., Amato, V., & Sorrenti, L. (2021) Problematic internet use and academic achievement: a focus on interpersonal behaviours and academic engagement. Social Psychology of Education 24, 95–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-020-09601-y

Buzzai, C., Sorrenti, L., Orecchio, S., Marino, D., & Filippello, P. (2020) The Relationship Between Contextual and Dispositional Variables, Well-Being and Hopelessness in School Context. Front. Psychol. 11:533815. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.533815

Buzzai, C., Sorrenti, L., Costa, S., Toffle, M. E., & Filippello, P. (2021). The relationship between school-basic psychological need satisfaction and frustration, academic engagement and academic achievement. School Psychology International, 42, 5, 497-519. https://doi.org/10.1177/01430343211017170

Cash, T.F. (2004). Body image: Past, present, and future. Body image, 1(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1740-1445(03)00011-1

Cerea S., Bottesi G., Granziol U., & Ghisi, M. (2017). Development and Validation of the Questionario Sul Dismorfismo Corporeo in an Italian Community Sample. J. Evidence-Based Psychother,17:51–65.

Coffman, D.L., & MacCallum, R.C. (2005). Using parcels to convert path analysis models into latent variable models. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 40, 235–259. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1207/s15327906mbr4002_4

Chang, L., Li, P., Loh, R.S. M., & Chua, T.H.H. (2019). A study of Singapore adolescent girls’ selfie practices, peer appearance comparisons, and body esteem on Instagram. Body Image, 29, 90–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.03.005

Chen, Y., Li, R., & Liu, X. (2021). The relationships among relatedness frustration, affiliation motivation, and WeChat engagement, moderated by relatedness satisfaction. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 15(4). https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2021-4-7

Chen, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Beyers, W., Boone, L., Deci, E.L., Van der Kaap-Deeder, J., Duriez, B., Lens, W., Matos, L., Mouratidis, A., Ryan, R.M., Sheldon, K.M., Soenens, B., Van Petegem, S., & Verstuyf, J. (2015). Basic psychological need satisfaction, need frustration, and need strength across four cultures. Motivation and Emotion, 39(2), 216–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-014-9450-1

Cohen, R., Newton-John, T., & Slater, A. (2017). The relationship between Facebook and Instagram appearance-focused activities and body image concerns in young women. Body Image, 23, 183–187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim. 2017.10.002

Cordeiro, P., Paixão, P., Lens, W., Lacante, M., & Sheldon, K. M. (2016). Factor structure and dimensionality of the balanced measure of basic psychological needs among Portuguese high school students. Relations to well-being and ill-being. Learning and Individual Differences, 47, 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2015.12.010

Costa, S., Ingoglia, S., Inguglia, C., Liga, F., Lo Coco, A., & Larcan, R. (2018). Psychometric Evaluation of the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (BPNSFS) in Italy. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 51:3, 193-206. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2017.1347021

Costa, S., Ntoumanis, N., & Bartholomew, K.J. (2015). Predicting the brighter and darker sides of interpersonal relationships: does psychological need thwarting matter? Motivation and Emotion, 39, 11-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11031- 014-9427-0

Dumas, T.M., Maxwell-Smith, M.A., Davis, J.P., & Giulietti, P. A. (2017). Lying or longing for likes? Narcissism, peer belonging, loneliness and normative versus deceptive like- seeking on Instagram in emerging adulthood. Computers in Human Behavior, 71, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.01.037

Edwards, C., Tod, D., Molnar, G., & Markland, D. (2016). Predicting muscularity-related behavior, emotions, and cognitions in men: The role of psychological need thwarting, drive for muscularity, and mesomorphic internalization. Body Image, 18, 108-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.06.005

Engeln, R., Loach, R., Imundo, M.N., & Zola, A. (2020). Compared to Facebook, Instagram use cause more appearance comparison and lower body satisfaction in college women. Body Image 34, 38-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.04.007

Espinoza, P., Penelo, E., & Raich, R.M. (2013). Prevention programme for eating disturbances in adolescents. Is there effect on body image maintained at 30 months later? Body Image, 10, 175–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim. 2012.11.004

Faelens, L., Hoorelbeke, K., Cambier, R., van Put, J., Van de Putte, E., De Raedt, R., & Koster, E. (2021). The relationship between Instagram use and indicators of mental health: A systematic review. Computers in Human Behavior Reports. 4. 100121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100121

Fardouly, J., Pinkus, R. T., & Vartanian, L. R. (2017). The impact of appearance comparisons made through social media, traditional media, and in person in women’s everyday lives. Body Image, 20, 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. bodyim.2016.11.002

Fardouly, J., & Vartanian, L.R. (2016). Social media and body image concerns: Current research and future directions. Current Opinion in Psychology, 9, 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.COPSYC.2015.09.005

Gattario, K. H., & Frisén, A. (2019). From negative to positive body image: Men’s and women’s journeys from early adolescence to emerging adulthood. Body image, 28, 53-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.12.002

Grieve, R., Indian, M., Witteveen, K., Tolan, G.A., & Marrington, J. (2013). Face-to-face or Facebook: Can social connectedness be derived online? Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 604–609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.11.017

Griffiths, M. (2018). Adolescent social networking: How do social media operators facilitate habitual use?. Education and Health. 36.

Grogan, S. (2006). Body Image and Health: Contemporary Perspectives. Journal of Health Psychology, 11(4), 523–530. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105306065013

Guest, E., Costa, B., Williamson, H., Meyrick, J., Halliwell, E., & Harcourt, D. (2019). The effectiveness of interventions aiming to promote positive body image in adults: A systematic review. Body image, 30, 10-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.04.002

Gullberg, K. (2016). Laughing face with tears of joy: A study of the production and interpretation of emojis among Swedish university students. Retrieved from: student-papers/record/8903284

Gunnell, K.E, Crocker, P.R.E., Wilson, P.M., Mack, D.E., & Zumbo B.D. (2013). Psychological need satisfaction and thwarting: A test of Basic Psychological Needs Theory in physical activity contexts. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.03.007

Haerens, L., Aelterman, N., Vansteenkiste, M., Soenens, B., & Van Petegem, S. (2015). Do perceived autonomy-supportive and controlling teaching relate to physical education students' motivational experiences through unique pathways? distinguishing between the bright and dark side of motivation. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 26e36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.08.013

Hau, K.T., & Marsh, H. W. (2004). The use of item parcels in structural equation modelling: Nonnomral data and small sample sizes. The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology, 57, 327–351. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8317.2004.tb00142.x

Hendrickse, J., Arpan, L.M., Clayton, R.B., & Ridgway, J.L. (2017). Instagram and college women’s body image: Investigating the roles of appearance-related comparisons and intrasexual competition. Computers in Human Behavior, 74, 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.CHB.2017.04.027

Holland, G., & Tiggemann, M. (2016) A systematic review of the impact of the use of social networking sites on body image and disordered eating outcomes. Body Image, 17, 100-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.02.008

Hosseini, S. A., & Padhy, R. K. (2019). Body image distortion. Study Guide from StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL).

Jang, H., Kim, E.J., & Reeve, J. (2016). Why students become more engaged or more disengaged during the semester: A self-determination theory dual-process model. Learning and Instruction, 43, 27-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2016.01.002

Iacobucci, D., Saldanha, N., & Deng, X. (2007). A meditation on mediation: Evidence that structural equations models perform better than regressions. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 17, 139–153. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/S1057-7408(07)70020-7

Kachanoff, F. J., Wohl, M. J., Koestner, R., & Taylor, D. M. (2020). Them, us, and I: How group contexts influence basic psychological needs. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 29(1), 47-54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721419884318

Karahanna, E., Xu, S. X., Xu, Y., & Zhang, N. A. (2018). The needs–affordances–features perspective for the use of social media. Mis Quarterly, 42(3), 737-756. https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2018/11492

Kim, H. M. (2021). What do others’ reactions to body posting on Instagram tell us? The effects of social media comments on viewers’ body image perception. New Media & Society, 23(12), 3448-3465. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820956368

Kishton, J.M., & Widaman, K.F. (1994). Unidimensional versus domain representative parceling of questionnaire items: An empirical example. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 54, 757–765. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0013164494054003022

Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.

Kuss, D.J. & Griffiths, M.D. (2017). Social Networking Sites and Addiction: Ten lessons learned. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14030311

Kwak, H., Lee, C., Park, H., & Moon, S. (2010). What is Twitter, a social network or a news media?. Proceedings of the 19th international conference on World wide web (591-600), New York, NY, USA: ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/1772690.1772751

Lamp, S.J., Cugle, A., Silverman, A.L., Thomas, M.T., Liss, M., & Erchull, M.J. (2019). Picture perfect: The relationship between selfie behaviors, self-objectification, and depressive symptoms. Sex Roles, 81(11–12), 704–712. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-019-01025-z

Laor, T. (2022). My social network: Group differences in frequency of use, active use, and interactive use on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter. Technology in Society, 68, 101922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.101922

Lee, M. (2019). The effects of appearance-related photo activity and appearance comparison on body satisfaction-Focusing on the moderating effects of Instagram addiction. Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles, 43(1), 81-94. https://doi.org/10.5850/JKSCT.2019.43.1.81

Legault, L., & Sago, A. (2022). When body positivity falls flat: Divergent effects of body acceptance messages that support vs. undermine basic psychological needs. Body Image, 41, 225-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.02.013

Lissitsa, S., & Laor, T. (2021) Baby boomers, Generation X and Generation Y: identifying generational differences in effects of personality traits in on-demand radio use. Technology in Society, 64, 101526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101526

Little, T.D., Cunningham, W.A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K.F. (2002). To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 151–173. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_1

Lup, K., Trub, L., & Rosenthal, L. (2015). Instagram# instasad?: Exploring associations among instagram use, depressive symptoms, negative social comparison, and strangers followed. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(5), 247–252. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2014.0560

MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4, 84–99. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.1.84

Mask, L., & Blanchard, C. M. (2011). The protective role of general self-determination against ‘thin ideal’ media exposure on women’s body image and eating-related concerns. Journal of Health Psychology, 16, 489-499. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105310385367

Matsunaga, M. (2008). Item parceling in structural equation modeling: A primer. Communication Methods and Measures, 2(4), 260–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312450802458935

Matusitz, J., & Martin, J. (2013). The Application of Self-Determination Theory to Eating Disorders. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health, 8:4, 499-517. https://doi.org/10.1080/15401383.2013.850392

McComb, S.E., Gobin, K.C., & Mills, J.S. (2021). The effects of self-disclaimer Instagram captions on young women's mood and body image: The moderating effect of participants' own photo manipulation practices. Body image, 38, 251–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.04.011

McLean, S.A., Paxton, S.J., & Wertheim, E.H. (2013). Mediators of the relationship between media literacy and body dissatisfaction in early adolescent girls: Implications for prevention. Body Image, 10, 282–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.01.009

Moller, A.C., Deci, E.L., & Elliot, A.J. (2010). Person-level relatedness and the incremental value of relating. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(6), 754–767. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167210371622

Ng, J. Y. Y., Ntoumanis, N., Thogersen-Ntoumani, C., Stott, K., & Hindle, L. (2013). Predicting psychological needs and well-being of individuals engaging in weight management: the role of important others. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-being, 5, 291e310. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12011

Paxton, S. J., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Hannan, P. J., & Eisenberg, M. E. (2006). Body dissatisfaction prospectively predicts depressive mood and low self-esteem in adolescent girls and boys. Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology: the official journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53, 35(4), 539–549. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp3504_5

Pelletier, L.G., Dion, S.C., & Lévesque, C.S. (2004). Can self-determination help protect women against sociocultural influences about body image and reduce their risk of experiencing bulimic symptoms? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 61-88. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.23.1.61.26990

Pelletier, M. J., Krallman, A., Adams, F.G., & Hancock, T. (2020). One size doesn’t fitall: a uses and gratifications analysis of social media platforms. J. Res. Indian Med. 14 (2) 269–284. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-10-2019-0159

Ponnusamy, S., Iranmanesh, M., Foroughi, B., & Hyun, S. S. (2020). Drivers and outcomes of Instagram Addiction: Psychological well-being as moderator. Computers in human behavior, 107, 106294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106294

Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior research methods, 40, 879-891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879

Rocchi, M., Pelletier, L., Cheung, S., Baxter, D., & Beaudry, S. (2017). Assessing need-supportive and need-thwarting interpersonal behaviours: The Interpersonal Behaviours Questionnaire (IBQ). Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 423-433. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.paid.2016.08.034

Rosseel, Y. (2012). Lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling and more. Version 0.5–12 (BETA). Journal of statistical software, 48, 1-36.

Rousseau, A., Eggermont, S., & Frison, E. (2017). The reciprocal and indirect relationships between passive Facebook use, comparison on Facebook, and adolescents’ body dissatisfaction. Computers in Human Behavior,73, 336-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.03.056

Rounsefell, K., Gibson, S., McLean, S., Blair, M., Molenaar, A., Brennan, L., Truby, H., & McCaffrey, T. A. (2020). Social media, body image and food choices in healthy young adults: A mixed methods systematic review. Nutrition & dietetics: the journal of the Dietitians Association of Australia, 77(1), 19–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/1747-0080.12581

RStudio Team (2015). RStudio: Integrated Development for R. RStudio, Inc., Boston, MA. http://www.rstudio.com/

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. The American psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.55.1.68

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation. development, and wellness. New York: Guilford Publishing.

Saiphoo, A.N., & Vahedi, Z. (2019). A meta-analytic review of the relationship between social media use and body image disturbance. Computers in Human Behavior 101, 259-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.07.028

Scherr, S., & Wang, K. (2021). Explaining the success of social media with gratification niches: Motivations behind daytime, nighttime, and active use of TikTok in China. Computer Human Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106893

Shane-Simpson, C., Manago, A., Gaggi, N., & Gillespie-Lynch, K. (2018). Why do college students prefer Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram? Site affordances, tensions between privacy and self-expression, and implications for social capital. Computers in Human Behavior 86, 276-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.04.041

Sheldon, K., & Filak, V. (2008). Manipulating autonomy, competence, and relatedness support in a game-learning context: New evidence that all three needs matter. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47, 257–283. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466607x238797

Sherlock, M., & Wagstaff, D.L. (2019). Exploring the relationship between frequency of Instagram use, exposure to idealized images, and psychological well-being in women. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(4), 482–490. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000182

Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: new procedures and recommendations. Psychological methods, 7, 422-445. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.4.422

Slater, A., Varsani, N., & Diedrichs, P.C. (2017). # fitspo or# loveyourself? The impact of fitspiration and self-compassion Instagram images on women’s body image, self-compassion, and mood. Body Image, 22, 87–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.06.004

Smith, A., & Anderson, M. (2018). Social media use in 2018. Retrieved from https://www.pewinternet.org/2018/03/01/social-media-use-in-2018

Soraci, P., Ferrari, A., Barberis, N., Luvarà, G., Urso, A., Del Fante, E., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). Psychometric analysis and validation of the Italian Bergen Facebook addiction scale. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00346-5

Stice, E., Spangler, D., & Agras, W. S. (2001). Exposure to media-portrayed thin-ideal images adversely affects vulnerable girls: A longitudinal experiment. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 20, 270-288. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.20.3.270.22309

The Jamovi project (2022). Jamovi. (Version 2.3) [Computer Software]. Retrieved from https://www.jamovi.org/

Thompson, J. K., Heinberg, L. J., Altabe, M., & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (1999). Exacting beauty: Theory, assessment, and treatment of body image disturbance. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10312-000

Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C., & Ntoumanis, N. (2007). A self-determination theory approach to the study of body image concerns, self-presentation and self-perceptions in a sample of aerobic instructors. Journal of Health Psychology, 12, 301-315. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105307074267

Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C., Ntoumanis, N., & Nikitaras, N. (2010). Unhealthy weight control behaviours in adolescent girls: A process model based on self-determination theory. Psychology & Health, 25, 535-550. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440902783628

Tiggemann, M., & Miller, J. (2010). The Internet and adolescent girls’ weight satisfaction and drive for thinness. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 63 (1-2), 79–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-010-9789-z

Tiggemann, M., & Slater, A. (2014). Nettweens: The internet and body image concerns in preteenage girls. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 34(5), 606–620. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431613501083

Tylka, T. L., & Kroon Van Diest, A. M. (2015). Protective factors. The Wiley handbook of eating disorders, 430-444. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118574089.ch33

Tylka, T. L., & Wood-Barcalow, N. L. (2015). What is and what is not positive. body image? Conceptual foundations and construct definition. Body Image, 14, 118–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.04.001

Unanue, W., Dittmar, H., Vignoles, V. L., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2014). Materialism and well-being in the UK and Chile: basic need satisfaction and basic need frustration as underlying psychological processes. European Journal of Personality, 28, 569e585. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.1954

Van den Berg, P., Thompson, J. K., Obremski-Brandon, K., & Coovert, M. (2002). The tripartite influence model of body image and eating disturbance: A covariance structure modeling investigation testing the mediational role of appearance comparison. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53(5), 1007–1020. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00499-3

Vandenbosch, L., Fardouly, J., & Tiggemann, M. (2022). Social media and body image: Recent trends and future directions. Current opinion in psychology, 45, 101289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.12.002

Vansteenkiste, M., Niemiec, C. P., & Soenens, B. (2010). The development of the five mini‐theories of self‐determination theory: An historical overview, emerging trends, and future directions. In T. C. Urdan & S. A. Karabenick (Eds.), Advances in motivation and achievement, v. 16A—The decade ahead: Theoretical perspectives on motivation and achievement (pp. 105–165). London, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Vansteenkiste, M., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). On psychological growth and vulnerability: Basic psychological need satisfaction and need frustration as a unifying principle. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 23, 263-280. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032359

Wagner, C., Aguirre, E., & Sumner, E. M. (2016). The relationship between Instagram selfies and body image in young adult women. First Monday. https://doi.org/10.5210/fm. v21i9.6390

Walker, C. E., Krumhuber, E. G., Dayan, S., & Furnham, A. (2019). Effects of social media use on desire for cosmetic surgery among young women. Current Psychology, 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00282-1

Wang, Y., Xie, X., Fardouly, J., Vartanian, L.R., & Lei, L. (2019). The longitudinal and reciprocal relationships between selfie- related behaviors and self-objectification and appearance concerns among adolescents. New Media & Society 23(1), 56-77. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819894346

Wick, M.R., & Keel, P.K. (2020). Posting edited photos of the self: Increasing eating disorder risk or harmless behavior?. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 53, 6, 864-872. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23263

Wu, W., & Jia, F. (2013). A new procedure to test mediation with missing data through nonparametric bootstrapping and multiple imputation. Multivariate behavioral research, 48, 663–691. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2013.816235

Wynne, C., Comiskey, C., & McGilloway, S. (2016). The role of body mass index, weight change desires and depressive symptoms in the health-related quality of life of children living in urban disadvantage: Testing mediation models. Psychology & Health, 31:2, 147-165. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2015.1082560

Yael, T. (2021). Active and Passive Instagram Use: Female Undergraduate’s Social Comparison Behaviors, Self-Esteem, and Contingent Self-Worth. [Master's thesis, Muhlenberg College]. https://jstor.org/stable/community.31081452

Yurdagül, C., Kircaburun, K., Emirtekin, E., Wang, P., & Griffiths, M.D. (2021). Psychopathological Consequences Related to Problematic Instagram Use Among Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Body Image Dissatisfaction and Moderating Role of Gender. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 19, 1385–1397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00071-8




DOI: https://doi.org/10.13129/2282-1619/mjcp-3628

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.