The Association Between Intolerance of Uncertainty, Emotion Dysregulation, and Anxiety in Italian Non-Clinical Pre-Adolescents and Adolescents

Sara Iannattone, Anna Malerba, Chiara Carloni, Alessandra Farina, Valentina Cardi, Gioia Bottesi

Abstract


Background: Anxiety symptoms are rather frequent in adolescence and associated with long-term negative consequences. Therefore, expanding knowledge on the factors that may underlie anxiety symptomatology is extremely relevant; to this end, intolerance of uncertainty and emotion dysregulation are of key interest. This study aimed to deepen the relation between intolerance of uncertainty and emotion regulation difficulties and to explore the role of these constructs in explaining anxiety levels in adolescence.


Methods: Three hundred and fifty Italian non-clinical pre-adolescents and adolescents (age range: 11-17, 53.4% boys) entered the study between November 2021 and March 2022. We administered an online survey containing the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-Revised, Self-Administered Psychiatric Scales for Children and Adolescents-Anxiety scale, and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21. Pearson’s correlations were calculated to examine the relation between intolerance of uncertainty, emotion dysregulation dimensions, and different anxiety symptoms. A hierarchical linear regression was performed to test the predictive role of intolerance of uncertainty and specific emotion regulation strategies on generalized anxiety symptoms.


Results: All emotion dysregulation dimensions, except Awareness, were significantly correlated with intolerance of uncertainty and the different anxiety manifestations. Intolerance of uncertainty was associated with all anxiety symptoms, but to a greater extent with generalized and school-related anxiety. Finally, both intolerance of uncertainty and specific emotion dysregulation dimensions (i.e., Goals and Strategies) predicted generalized anxiety symptoms; however, the emotion dysregulation block led to a higher increase in explained variance than intolerance of uncertainty did.


Conclusion: Intolerance of uncertainty, emotion dysregulation, and anxiety symptoms emerged to be strictly associated. Moreover, the contribution of both intolerance of uncertainty and specific emotion regulation difficulties to the putative development of generalized anxiety in adolescence has been tentatively supported. Particularly, emotion dysregulation seems to play a more relevant role in generalized anxiety compared to intolerance of uncertainty. 


Keywords


Adolescence; Anxiety; Emotion dysregulation; Intolerance of uncertainty; Transdiagnostic factors.

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abbate-Daga, G., Quaranta, M., Marzola, E., Amianto, F., & Fassino, S. (2015). The Relationship between Alexithymia and Intolerance of Uncertainty in Anorexia Nervosa. Psychopathology, 48(3), 202–208. https://doi.org/10.1159/000381587

Albano, A. M., & Kendall, P. C. (2002). Cognitive behavioural therapy for children and adolescents with anxiety disorders: Clinical research advances. International Review of Psychiatry, 14(2), 129–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260220132644

Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2), 217–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004

American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (Vol. 5, No. 5). Washington, DC: American psychiatric association. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

Beauchaine, T. P. (2015). Future Directions in Emotion Dysregulation and Youth Psychopathology. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 44(5), 875–896. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2015.1038827

Blakemore, S.-J. (2019). Adolescence and mental health. The Lancet, 393(10185), 2030–2031. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31013-X

Boelen, P. A., & Reijntjes, A. (2009). Intolerance of uncertainty and social anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(1), 130–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.04.007

Boelen, P. A., Vrinssen, I., & van Tulder, F. (2010). Intolerance of Uncertainty in Adolescents: Correlations With Worry, Social Anxiety, and Depression. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198(3), 194–200. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181d143de

Boswell, J. F., Thompson-Hollands, J., Farchione, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (2013). Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(6), 630–645. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21965

Bottesi, G. (2023). Vulnerabilità psicopatologica in adolescenza: L’intolleranza all’incertezza come fattore di rischio transdiagnostico. Psicologia Clinica Dello Sviluppo, 27(1), 5–30. https://doi.org/10.1449/104442

Bottesi, G., Ghisi, M., Altoè, G., Conforti, E., Melli, G., & Sica, C. (2015). The Italian version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21: Factor structure and psychometric properties on community and clinical samples. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 60, 170–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.04.005

Bottesi, G., Ghisi, M., Caggiu, I., & Lauriola, M. (2021). How is intolerance of uncertainty related to negative affect in individuals with substance use disorders? The role of the inability to control behaviors when experiencing emotional distress. Addictive Behaviors, 115, 106785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106785

Bottesi, G., Iannattone, S., Carraro, E., & Lauriola, M. (2023). The assessment of Intolerance of uncertainty in youth: An examination of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-Revised in Italian nonclinical boys and girls. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 51(2), 209-222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-022-00944-y

Bottesi, G., Noventa, S., Freeston, M. H., & Ghisi, M. (2019). Seeking certainty about Intolerance of Uncertainty: Addressing old and new issues through the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-Revised. PLOS ONE, 14(2), e0211929. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211929

Bottesi, G., Tesini, V., Cerea, S., & Ghisi, M. (2018). Are difficulties in emotion regulation and intolerance of uncertainty related to negative affect in borderline personality disorder? Clinical Psychologist, 22(2), 137–147. https://doi.org/10.1111/cp.12163

Cai, R. Y., Richdale, A. L., Dissanayake, C., & Uljarević, M. (2018). Brief Report: Inter-Relationship between Emotion Regulation, Intolerance of Uncertainty, Anxiety, and Depression in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(1), 316–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3318-7

Caldwell, L. L., Darling, N., Payne, L. L., & Dowdy, B. (1999). “Why are You Bored?”: An Examination of Psychological and Social Control Causes of Boredom Among Adolescents. Journal of Leisure Research, 31(2), 103–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1999.11949853

Carleton, R. N. (2016). Into the unknown: A review and synthesis of contemporary models involving uncertainty. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 39, 30–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.02.007

Carleton, R. N., Collimore, K. C., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2010). “It’s not just the judgements—It’s that I don’t know”: Intolerance of uncertainty as a predictor of social anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(2), 189–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.10.007

Casey, B. J., Duhoux, S., & Cohen, M. M. (2010). Adolescence: What Do Transmission, Transition, and Translation Have to Do with It? Neuron, 67(5), 749–760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.08.033

Casey, B. j., Jones, R. M., & Hare, T. A. (2008). The Adolescent Brain. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1124(1), 111–126. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1440.010

Cianchetti, C., & Fancello, G. S. (2001). SAFA : scale psichiatriche di autosomministrazione per fanciulli e adolescenti (OPAC-Biblioteca nazionale di Firenze). https://opac.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/bncf-prod/resource?uri=PUV0818535

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sci­ences. 2nd Edition. Lawrence Erlbaum Associate, Publishers.

Conner, C. M., Kim, P. S., White, S. W., & Mazefsky, C. A. (2022). The role of emotion dysregulation and intolerance of uncertainty in autism: Transdiagnostic factors influencing co-occurring conditions. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 130, 104332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104332

Copeland, W. E., Shanahan, L., Costello, E. J., & Angold, A. (2009). Childhood and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders as Predictors of Young Adult Disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66(7), 764–772. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.85

Cracco, E., Goossens, L., & Braet, C. (2017). Emotion regulation across childhood and adolescence: Evidence for a maladaptive shift in adolescence. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 26(8), 909–921. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-017-0952-8

D’Acremont, M., & Linden, M. V. der. (2005). Adolescent Impulsivity: Findings From a Community Sample. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(5), 427–435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-005-7260-1

De Girolamo, G., Dagani, J., Purcell, R., Cocchi, A., & McGorry, P. D. (2012). Age of onset of mental disorders and use of mental health services: Needs, opportunities and obstacles. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 21(1), 47–57. https://doi.org/10.1017/s2045796011000746

Donovan, C. L., Holmes, M. C., & Farrell, L. J. (2016). Investigation of the cognitive variables associated with worry in children with Generalised Anxiety Disorder and their parents. Journal of Affective Disorders, 192, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.003

Dugas, M. J., & Koerner, N. (2005). Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Current Status and Future Directions. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 19(1), 61–81. https://doi.org/10.1891/jcop.19.1.61.66326

Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (2000). Treatment of Gad: Targeting Intolerance of Uncertainty in Two Types of Worry. Behavior Modification, 24(5), 635–657. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445500245002

Dugas, M. J., Laugesen, N., & Bukowski, W. M. (2012). Intolerance of Uncertainty, Fear of Anxiety, and Adolescent Worry. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40(6), 863–870. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-012-9611-1

Dyer, M. L., Easey, K. E., Heron, J., Hickman, M., & Munafò, M. R. (2019). Associations of child and adolescent anxiety with later alcohol use and disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 114(6), 968–982. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14575

Essau, C. A., Lewinsohn, P. M., Lim, J. X., Ho, M. R., & Rohde, P. (2018). Incidence, recurrence and comorbidity of anxiety disorders in four major developmental stages. Journal of Affective Disorders, 228, 248–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.014

Ezpeleta, L., Keeler, G., Erkanli, A., Costello, E. J., & Angold, A. (2001). Epidemiology of Psychiatric Disability in Childhood and Adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(7), 901–914. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00786

Freeston, M., Rhéaume, J., Letarte, H., Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (1994). Why do people worry? Personality and Individual Differences, 17(6), 791–802. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(94)90048-5

Freeston, M., Tiplady, A., Mawn, L., Bottesi, G., & Thwaites, S. (2020). Towards a model of uncertainty distress in the context of Coronavirus (COVID-19). The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 13. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X2000029X

Gentes, E. L., & Ruscio, A. M. (2011). A meta-analysis of the relation of intolerance of uncertainty to symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, and obsessive–compulsive disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(6), 923–933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.05.001

Gole, M., Köchel, A., Schäfer, A., & Schienle, A. (2012). Threat engagement, disengagement, and sensitivity bias in worry-prone individuals as measured by an emotional go/no-go task. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.07.002

Golombek, K., Lidle, L., Tuschen-Caffier, B., Schmitz, J., & Vierrath, V. (2020). The role of emotion regulation in socially anxious children and adolescents: A systematic review. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(11), 1479–1501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-019-01359-9

Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional Assessment of Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation: Development, Factor Structure, and Initial Validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94

Hanna, G. L., Fischer, D. J., & Fluent, T. E. (2006). Separation anxiety disorder and school refusal in children and adolescents. Pediatrics in Review, 27(2), 56–63. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.27-2-56

Hearn, C. S., Donovan, C. L., Spence, S. H., March, S., & Holmes, M. C. (2017). What’s the Worry with Social Anxiety? Comparing Cognitive Processes in Children with Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Social Anxiety Disorder. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 48(5), 786–795. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-016-0703-y

Higa-McMillan, C. K., Francis, S. E., Rith-Najarian, L., & Chorpita, B. F. (2016). Evidence Base Update: 50 Years of Research on Treatment for Child and Adolescent Anxiety. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 45(2), 91–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2015.1046177

Iannattone, S., Cerea, S., Carraro, E., Ghisi, M., & Bottesi, G. (2022). Broad and Narrow Transdiagnostic Risk Factors in Eating Disorders: A Preliminary Study on an Italian Clinical Sample. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(11), 6886. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116886

Iannattone, S., Mignemi, G., Pivetta, E., Gatta, M., Sica, C., Cardi, V., Canale, N., Spoto, A., & Bottesi, G. (under review). Are anxiety, depression, and stress distinguishable in Italian adolescents? An examination through the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21.

JASP Team (2022). JASP (Version 0.16.3).

Keil, V., Asbrand, J., Tuschen-Caffier, B., & Schmitz, J. (2017). Children with social anxiety and other anxiety disorders show similar deficits in habitual emotional regulation: Evidence for a transdiagnostic phenomenon. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 26(7), 749–757. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-017-0942-x

Kendall, P. C. (1990). Coping Cat workbook. Workbook Publishing.

Keough, M. E., Riccardi, C. J., Timpano, K. R., Mitchell, M. A., & Schmidt, N. B. (2010). Anxiety Symptomatology: The Association With Distress Tolerance and Anxiety Sensitivity. Behavior Therapy, 41(4), 567–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2010.04.002

Kessler, R. C., Amminger, G. P., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Lee, S., & Ustün, T. B. (2007). Age of onset of mental disorders: A review of recent literature. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 20(4), 359–364. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e32816ebc8c

Konstantellou, A., Hale, L., Sternheim, L., Simic, M., & Eisler, I. (2019). The experience of intolerance of uncertainty for young people with a restrictive eating disorder: A pilot study. Eating and Weight Disorders: EWD, 24(3), 533–540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-019-00652-5

Krain, A. L., Hefton, S., Pine, D. S., Ernst, M., Xavier Castellanos, F., Klein, R. G., & Milham, M. P. (2006). An fMRI examination of developmental differences in the neural correlates of uncertainty and decision-making. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(10), 1023–1030. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01677.x

Laugesen, N., Dugas, M. J., & Bukowski, W. M. (2003). Understanding adolescent worry: The application of a cognitive model. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31(1), 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1021721332181

Lauriola, M., Iannattone, S., & Bottesi, G. (2023). Intolerance of uncertainty and emotional processing in adolescence: Separating between-person stability and within-person change. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 51, 871-884. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-022-01020-1

Legerstee, J. S., Garnefski, N., Verhulst, F. C., & Utens, E. M. W. J. (2011). Cognitive coping in anxiety-disordered adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 34(2), 319–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.04.008

Ma, Y., & Fang, S. (2019). Adolescents’ Mindfulness and Psychological Distress: The Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01358

Mathews, B. L., Kerns, K. A., & Ciesla, J. A. (2014). Specificity of emotion regulation difficulties related to anxiety in early adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 37(7), 1089–1097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.08.002

McEvoy, P. M., & Erceg-Hurn, D. M. (2016). The search for universal transdiagnostic and trans-therapy change processes: Evidence for intolerance of uncertainty. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 41, 96–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.02.002

McEvoy, P. M., Hyett, M. P., Shihata, S., Price, J. E., & Strachan, L. (2019). The impact of methodological and measurement factors on transdiagnostic associations with intolerance of uncertainty: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 73, 101778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101778

McLaughlin, K. A., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Mennin, D. S., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2011). Emotion dysregulation and adolescent psychopathology: A prospective study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(9), 544–554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2011.06.003

Mennin, D. S., Heimberg, R. G., Turk, C. L., & Fresco, D. M. (2002). Applying an emotion regulation framework to integrative approaches to generalized anxiety disorder. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9, 85–90. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.9.1.85

Mennin, D. S., Heimberg, R. G., Turk, C. L., & Fresco, D. M. (2005). Preliminary evidence for an emotion dysregulation model of generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(10), 1281–1310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.08.008

Mennin, D. S., Holaway, R. M., Fresco, D. M., Moore, M. T., & Heimberg, R. G. (2007). Delineating Components of Emotion and its Dysregulation in Anxiety and Mood Psychopathology. Behavior Therapy, 38(3), 284–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2006.09.001

Michel, N. M., Rowa, K., Young, L., & McCabe, R. E. (2016). Emotional distress tolerance across anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 40, 94–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.04.009

Muris, P. (2002). Relationships between self-efficacy and symptoms of anxiety disorders and depression in a normal adolescent sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(2), 337–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00027-7

Neumann, A., van Lier, P. A. C., Gratz, K. L., & Koot, H. M. (2010). Multidimensional Assessment of Emotion Regulation Difficulties in Adolescents Using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Assessment, 17(1), 138–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191109349579

Oglesby, M. E., Albanese, B. J., Chavarria, J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2015). Intolerance of Uncertainty in Relation to Motives for Alcohol Use. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 39(3), 356–365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-014-9665-1

Osmanağaoğlu, N., Creswell, C., & Dodd, H. F. (2018). Intolerance of Uncertainty, anxiety, and worry in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 225, 80–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.035

Ouellet, C., Langlois, F., Provencher, M. D., & Gosselin, P. (2019). Intolerance of uncertainty and difficulties in emotion regulation: Proposal for an integrative model of generalized anxiety disorder. European Review of Applied Psychology, 69(1), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2019.01.001

Pace, C. S., Guiducci, V., & Cavanna, D. (2016). A controlled study of attachment representations and emotion regulation in female adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.6092/2282-1619/2016.4.1187

Pawluk, E. J., & Koerner, N. (2013). A preliminary investigation of impulsivity in generalized anxiety disorder. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(6), 732–737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.11.027

Polanczyk, G. V., Salum, G. A., Sugaya, L. S., Caye, A., & Rohde, L. A. (2015). Annual research review: A meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 56(3), 345–365. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12381

Powers, A., & Casey, B. J. (2015). The Adolescent Brain and the Emergence and Peak of Psychopathology. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 14(1), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/15289168.2015.1004889

Racine, N., McArthur, B. A., Cooke, J. E., Eirich, R., Zhu, J., & Madigan, S. (2021). Global Prevalence of Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Children and Adolescents During COVID-19: A Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 175(11), 1142–1150. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2482

Read, K. L., Comer, J. S., & Kendall, P. C. (2013). The Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale for Children (IUSC): Discriminating principal anxiety diagnoses and severity. Psychological Assessment, 25, 722–729. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032392

Romer, D. (2010). Adolescent risk taking, impulsivity, and brain development: Implications for prevention. Developmental Psychobiology, 52(3), 263–276. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.20442

Sackl-Pammer, P., Jahn, R., Özlü-Erkilic, Z., Pollak, E., Ohmann, S., Schwarzenberg, J., Plener, P., & Akkaya-Kalayci, T. (2019). Social anxiety disorder and emotion regulation problems in adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 13, 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-019-0297-9

Salamanca-Camargo, Y., Rincón-Rodríguez, A. M., & Narciso-Urazán, A. S. (2021). Relationship between anxiety and adaptation among school-going adolescents in Colombia. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.13129/2282-1619/mjcp-3154

Schäfer, J. Ö., Naumann, E., Holmes, E. A., Tuschen-Caffier, B., & Samson, A. C. (2017). Emotion Regulation Strategies in Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Youth: A Meta-Analytic Review. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(2), 261–276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0585-0

Schetsche, C., Jaume, L. C., Gago-Galvagno, L., & Elgier, A. M. (2021). Social support and its associations with Depression and Anxiety: an in-depth Analysis using Structural Equation Modeling. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.13129/2282-1619/mjcp-3017

Sesar, K., & Dodaj, A. (2019). Sexting and emotional regulation strategies among young adults. Mediterranean Journal of clinical psychology, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.6092/2282-1619/2019.7.2008

Shihata, S., McEvoy, P. M., Mullan, B. A., & Carleton, R. N. (2016). Intolerance of uncertainty in emotional disorders: What uncertainties remain? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 41, 115–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.05.001

Shu, J., Ochsner, K. N., & Phelps, E. A. (2022). Trait Intolerance of Uncertainty Is Associated with Decreased Reappraisal Capacity and Increased Suppression Tendency. Affective Science, 3(3), 528–538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42761-022-00115-8

Sighinolfi, C., Pala, A. N., Chiri, L. R., Marchetti, I., & Sica, C. (2010). Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS): Traduzione e adattamento Italiano. [Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS): The Italian translation and adaptation.]. Psicoterapia Cognitiva e Comportamentale, 16, 141–170.

Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., & Morris, A. S. (2003). Adolescents’ emotion regulation in daily life: Links to depressive symptoms and problem behavior. Child Development, 74(6), 1869–1880. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-8624.2003.00643.x

Somerville, L. H., & Casey, B. (2010). Developmental neurobiology of cognitive control and motivational systems. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 20(2), 236–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2010.01.006

Steinberg, L. (2005). Cognitive and affective development in adolescence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(2), 69–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2004.12.005

Steinberg, L. (2008). A Social Neuroscience Perspective on Adolescent Risk-Taking. Developmental Review : DR, 28(1), 78–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2007.08.002

Talkovsky, A. M., & Norton, P. J. (2016). Intolerance of uncertainty and transdiagnostic group cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 41, 108–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.05.002

The jamovi project. (2022). Jamovi (Version 2.3). https://www.jamovi.org

Wahlund, T., Andersson, E., Jolstedt, M., Perrin, S., Vigerland, S., & Serlachius, E. (2020). Intolerance of uncertainty–focused treatment for adolescents with excessive worry: A pilot feasibility study. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 27, 215–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2019.06.002

Watts, R., Cossar, J., & Ferreira, N. (2021). Applicability of the intolerance of uncertainty model to Generalized Anxiety Disorder symptoms in young people. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 9(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.13129/2282-1619/mjcp-2978

Weems, C. F., Silverman, W. K., Rapee, R. M., & Pina, A. A. (2003). The role of control in childhood anxiety disorders. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(5), 557–568. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026307121386

Wright, K. D., Lebell, M. A. N. A., & Carleton, R. N. (2016). Intolerance of uncertainty, anxiety sensitivity, health anxiety, and anxiety disorder symptoms in youth. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 41, 35–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.04.011

Zeman, J., Cassano, M., Perry-Parrish, C., & Stegall, S. (2006). Emotion Regulation in Children and Adolescents. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 27(2), 155. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004703-200604000-00014

Zemestani, M., Heshmati, R., Comer, J. S., & Kendall, P. C. (2022). Intolerance of uncertainty as a transdiagnostic vulnerability to anxiety disorders in youth. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03645-3

Zimmermann, P., & Iwanski, A. (2014). Emotion regulation from early adolescence to emerging adulthood and middle adulthood: Age differences, gender differences, and emotion-specific developmental variations. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 38(2), 182–194. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025413515405




DOI: https://doi.org/10.13129/2282-1619/mjcp-3664

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.