A web-delivered group intervention supporting parental sensitivity and self-efficacy: an Italian pilot study

Francesca Boldrini, Benedetta Ragni, Daniela Barni, Teresa Grimaldi Capitello, Rosaria Giampaolo, Vanessa Marchetti, Simona De Stasio

Abstract


Background: Stable parent-infant relationships and adequate ordinary care significantly support children’s development since the very early stages of life. Principal models of intervention sustain parental skills and foster quality of parent-infant interactions since the early infancy. Standardized programs, with a well-defined focus, of short duration, based on specific methods and techniques, represent an effective tool in supporting parental effort. The present pilot study provides a description and an initial evaluation of the brief online “Con i Genitori” (CiG) Intervention, aimed to enhance parental sensitivity, self-efficacy and reduce stress in parents of typically-developed children aging 0-6 years.


Methods: The intervention involved parents of typically-developed children aging 0-6 years. Four interactive group sessions, based on well-known empirically-based programs’ assumptions were delivered. Participants were asked to complete questionnaires at baseline (T0) and after CiG (T1). The assessment included the Tool to measure Parenting Self-Efficacy (TOPSE; Kendall & Bloomfield, 2005), Parenting Stress Index-SF for parental distress (PSI; Abidin, 1996), Emotional Regulation Checklist for children’s emotional regulation (ERC; Shields & Cicchetti et al., 1997) and Social Provision Scale for social support (SPS; Cutrona and Russell, 1987). A weekly “ad-hoc” questionnaire evaluated parental sensitivity.  Moreover, a semi-structured interview measured participants’ satisfaction and acceptability with the intervention one month after its end.


Results: Twelve parents completed all the sessions of the CiG (10 mothers, 2 fathers with mean age = 42.7; SD= 6.3). Children mean age was 3.9 (SD=1.9), 58.3% male. Our results showed statistically significant decrease in parental distress and increased social support after attending CiG. No statistically significant variations were detected considering parental self-efficacy.


Conclusions: Our findings confirm the potential value of online-delivered interventions targeting parenthood in infancy, supporting parent-infant relationship and positive parenting from early infancy in a public health community approach. Online delivered programs constitute an important resource for addressing unmet parent mental health needs, which may be particularly widespread following the COVID-19 pandemic, representing a valuable alternative to traditional face-to-face interventions targeting parental wellbeing in infancy.


Keywords


Positive parenting; Group intervention; Web-delivered intervention.

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abidin, R. R. (1995). The Parenting Stress Index Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

Ainsworth, M. D. S., & Bell, S. M. (1972). Mother-infant interaction and the development of competence.

Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Strange situation procedure. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry.

Albanese, A. M., Russo, G. R., & Geller, P. A. (2019). The role of parental self‐efficacy in parent and child well‐being: A systematic review of associated outcomes. Child: care, health and development, 45(3), 333-363. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12661

Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Juffer, F. (2003). Less is more: meta-analyses of sensitivity and attachment interventions in early childhood. Psychological bulletin, 129(2), 195–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.195

Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological review, 84(2), 191. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191

Borelli, J. L., Lai, J., Smiley, P. A., Kerr, M. L., Buttitta, K., Hecht, H. K., & Rasmussen, H. F. (2021). Higher maternal reflective functioning is associated with toddlers’ adaptive emotion regulation. Infant mental health journal, 42(4), 473-487. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21904

Bowlby J. (1969). Attachment and Loss, Vol. 1. London: Basic Books.

Bowlby, J. (1988): Dalla teoria dell’attaccamento alla psicopatologia dello sviluppo. Rivista di Psichiatria, 2.

Broomfield, G., Wade, C., & Yap, M. B. (2021). Engaging parents of lower-socioeconomic positions in internet-and mobile-based interventions for youth mental health: a qualitative investigation. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(17), 9087. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179087

Brophy-Herb, H. E., Moyses, K., Shrier, C., Rymanowicz, K., Pilkenton, A., ... & Mitchell, K. (2021). A pilot evaluation of the Building Early Emotional Skills (BEES) curriculum in face-to-face and online formats. Journal of community psychology, 49(5), 1505-21. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22478

Brown, S. M., Doom, J. R., Lechuga-Peña, S., Watamura, S. E., & Koppels, T. (2020). Stress and parenting during the global COVID-19 pandemic. Child abuse & neglect, 110(Pt 2), 104699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104699

Chae, J., & Kim, H. K. (2021). Internet-based prenatal interventions for maternal health among pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 127, 106079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106079

Connor, C., Yap, M. B., Warwick, J., Birchwood, M., De Valliere, N., Madan, J., ... & Thompson, A. (2022). An online parenting intervention to prevent affective disorders in high-risk adolescents: the PIPA trial protocol. Trials, 23(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-022-06870-0

Cook, A., Bragg, J., & Reay, R. E. (2021). Pivot to Telehealth: Narrative Reflections on Circle of Security Parenting Groups during COVID-19. The Australian and New Zealand journal of family therapy, 42(1), 106–114. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-022-06870-0

Cooke, J. E., Deneault, A. A., Devereux, C., Eirich, R., Fearon, R. P., & Madigan, S. (2022). Parental sensitivity and child behavioral problems: A meta‐analytic review. Child Development, 93(5), 1231-1248. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13764

Cusinato, M., Iannattone, S., Spoto, A., Poli, M., Moretti, C., Gatta, M., & Miscioscia, M. (2020). Stress, resilience, and well-being in Italian children and their parents during the COVID-19 pandemic. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(22), 8297. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228297

Cutrona, C. E., & Russell, D. W. (1987). The provisions of social relationships and adaptation to stress. Advances in personal relationships, 1(1), 37-67.

David, O. A., Capris, D., & Jarda, A. (2017). Online Coaching of Emotion-Regulation Strategies for Parents: Efficacy of the Online Rational Positive Parenting Program and Attention Bias Modification Procedures. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 500. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00500

Day, J. J., Baker, S., Dittman, C. K., Franke, N., Hinton, S., Love, S., ... & Turner, K. M. (2021). Predicting positive outcomes and successful completion in an online parenting program for parents of children with disruptive behavior: An integrated data analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 146, 103951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2021.103951

De Stasio, S., Boldrini, F., Ragni, B., & Gentile, S. (2020). Predictive factors of toddlers’ sleep and parental stress. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(7), 2494. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072494

De Wolff, M. S., & Van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (1997). Sensitivity and attachment: A meta‐analysis on parental antecedents of infant attachment. Child development, 68(4), 571-591. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1997.tb04218.x

Deneault, A. A., Cabrera, N. J., & Bureau, J. F. (2022). A meta-analysis on observed paternal and maternal sensitivity. Child development, 93(6), 1631–1648. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13832

Dillmann, J., Sensoy, Ö., & Schwarzer, G. (2022). Parental Perceived Stress and Its Consequences on Early Social-Emotional Child Development during COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 20(4), 524–538. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476718X221083423

Fang, Y., Boelens, M., Windhorst, D. A., Raat, H., & van Grieken, A. (2021). Factors associated with parenting self-efficacy: A systematic review. Journal of advanced nursing, 77(6), 2641–2661. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14767

Fang, Y., Van Grieken, A., Fierloos, I. N., Windhorst, D. A., Jonkman, H., Hosman, C. M., ... & Raat, H. (2022). Parental, child and socio-contextual factors associated with parenting self-efficacy among parents of children aged 0–7 years old: the CIKEO study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 57(3), 623-632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02161-2

Florean, I. S., Dobrean, A., Păsărelu, C. R., Georgescu, R. D., & Milea, I. (2020). The efficacy of internet-based parenting programs for children and adolescents with behavior problems: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Clinical child and family psychology review, 23, 510-528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-020-00326-0

Fontanesi, L., Marchetti, D., Mazza, C., Di Giandomenico, S., Roma, P., & Verrocchio, M. C. (2020). The effect of the COVID-19 lockdown on parents: A call to adopt urgent measures. Psychological trauma: theory, research, practice and policy, 12(S1), S79–S81. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000672

Frigerio, A., Nettuno, F., & Nazzari, S. (2023). Maternal mood moderates the trajectory of emotional and behavioural problems from pre- to during the COVID-19 lockdown in preschool children. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(7), 1189–1199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01925-0

Gillespie-Smith, K., McConachie, D., Ballantyne, C., Auyeung, B., & Goodall, K. (2023). The Impact of COVID-19 Restrictions on Psychological Distress in Family Caregivers of Children with Neurodevelopmental Disability in the UK. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 53(4), 1573–1587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05132-3

Giordano, F., Daniilidou, A., Cipolla, A., Landoni, M., & Platsidou, M. (2023). Parents’ perceived stress and children’s adjustment during the COVID‐19 lockdown in Italy: The mediating role of family resilience. Family Relations: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Family Studies, 72(1), 7–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12716

Guarino, A., Serantoni, F., Blasio, D., & Camisasca, E. (2016). Parenting Stress Index–4.

Hansen, A., Broomfield, G., & Yap, M. B. (2019). A systematic review of technology‐assisted parenting programs for mental health problems in youth aged 0–18 years: Applicability to underserved Australian communities. Australian Journal of Psychology, 71(4), 433-462. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12250

Harris, M., Andrews, K., Gonzalez, A., Prime, H., & Atkinson, L. (2020). Technology-Assisted Parenting Interventions for Families Experiencing Social Disadvantage: a Meta-Analysis. Prevention science: the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research, 21(5), 714–727. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-020-01128-0

Havighurst, S. S., Kehoe, C. E., Harley, A. E., Radovini, A., & Thomas, R. (2022). A randomized controlled trial of an emotion socialization parenting program and its impact on parenting, children’s behavior and parent and child stress cortisol: Tuning in to toddlers. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 149.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2021.104016

Holtrop, K., Casaburo, G., Hickman, T., Yzaguirre, M. M., & Young, D. (2023). The acceptability and preliminary effectiveness of a brief, online parenting program: Expanding access to Evidence-Based parenting intervention content. Family process. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12883

Jeon, S., Kwon, K.-A., Guss, S., & Horm, D. (2020). Profiles of family engagement in home- and center-based Early Head Start programs: Associations with child outcomes and parenting skills. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 53, 108–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2020.02.004

Jones, T. L., & Prinz, R. J. (2005). Potential roles of parental self-efficacy in parent and child adjustment: A review. Clinical psychology review, 25(3), 341-363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2004.12.004

Juffer, F., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2018). Working with Video-feedback Intervention to promote Positive Parenting and Sensitive Discipline (VIPP-SD): A case study. Journal of clinical psychology, 74(8), 1346–1357. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22645

Juffer, F., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2023). Methods of the video-feedback programs to promote positive parenting alone, with sensitive discipline, and with representational attachment discussions. In Promoting Positive Parenting (pp. 11-22). Routledge.

Kendall, S., & Bloomfield, L. (2005). Developing and validating a tool to measure parenting self‐efficacy. Journal of advanced nursing, 51(2), 174-181. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03479.x

Kenworthy, L., Childress, D., Armour, A. C., Verbalis, A., Zhang, A., Troxel, M., ... & Anthony, L. G. (2023). Leveraging technology to make parent training more accessible: Randomized trial of in-person versus online executive function training for parents of autistic children. Autism, 27(3), 616-628. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613221111212

Khor, S., Fulgoni, C. M., Lewis, D., Melvin, G. A., Jorm, A. F., Lawrence, K., Bei, B., & Yap, M. (2022). Short-term outcomes of the Therapist-assisted Online Parenting Strategies intervention for parents of adolescents treated for anxiety and/or depression: A single-arm double-baseline trial. The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry, 56(6), 695–708. https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674211025695

Kohlhoff, J., & Cibralic, S. (2022, October). The impact of attachment-based parenting interventions on externalizing behaviors in toddlers and preschoolers: A systematic narrative review. In Child & Youth Care Forum (pp. 1-25). Springer US.

Linhares, M. B. M., Altafim, E. R. P., Gaspardo, C. M., & de Oliveira, R. C. (2022). A personalized remote video-feedback universal parenting program: A randomized controlled trial. Psychosocial Intervention, 31(1), 21–32. https://doi.org/10.5093/pi2021a9

Liverpool, S., Mota, C. P., Sales, C., Čuš, A., Carletto, S., Hancheva, C., Sousa, S., Cerón, S. C., Moreno-Peral, P., Pietrabissa, G., …, & Edbrooke-Childs, J. (2020). Engaging Children and Young People in Digital Mental Health Interventions: Systematic Review of Modes of Delivery, Facilitators, and Barriers. Journal of medical Internet research, 22(6), e16317. https://doi.org/10.2196/16317

López-Morales, H., del-Valle, M. V., López, M. C., Andrés, M. L., García, M. J., Canet-Juric, L., & Urquijo, S. (2023). Maternal anxiety, exposure to the COVID-19 pandemic and socioemotional development of offspring. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 86, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2023.101517

Lotto, C., Altafim, E., & Linhares, M. (2022). Feasibility and acceptability study of the online ACT-Raising Safe Kids program. Children And Youth Services Review, 141, 106591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106591

MacKinnon, A. L., Silang, K., Penner, K., Zalewski, M., Tomfohr-Madsen, L., & Roos, L. E. (2022). Promoting mental health in parents of young children using ehealth interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 25(3), 413-434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-022-00385-5

Madigan, S., Prime, H., Graham, S. A., Rodrigues, M., Anderson, N., Khoury, J., & Jenkins, J. M. (2019). Parenting behavior and child language: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 144(4). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-3556

McAloon, J., & de la Poer Beresford, K. (2023). Online Behavioral Parenting Interventions for Disruptive Behavioral Disorders: A PRISMA Based Systematic Review of Clinical Trials. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 54(2), 379–396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-021-01253-z

McDonough, S. (2005). Interaction guidance. Treating Parent-infant Relationship Problems: Strategies for Intervention, 79.

Molina, P., Sala, M., Zappulla, C., Bonfigliuoli, C., Cavioni, V., & Zanetti, M. et al. (2014). The Emotion Regulation Checklist – Italian translation. Validation of parent and teacher versions. European Journal Of Developmental Psychology, 11(5), 624-634. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2014.898581

Montirosso, R., Mascheroni, E., Guida, E., Piazza, C., Sali, M. E., Molteni, M., & Reni, G. (2021). Stress symptoms and resilience factors in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities and their parents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Health psychology: official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, 40(7), 428–38. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000966

Morelli, M., Cattelino, E., Baiocco, R., Trumello, C., Babore, A., Candelori, C., & Chirumbolo, A. (2020). Parents and children during the COVID-19 lockdown: The influence of parenting distress and parenting self-efficacy on children’s emotional well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.584645

Nguyen, D. T., Pham, T. T., Wright, E. P., & Bunders, J. (2021). Assessment of a website aimed at providing information on mental health to secondary school students in Can Tho city, Vietnam. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 15(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-021-00416-z

Nicolì, I., Spinelli, M., Lionetti, F., Logrieco, M. G., & Fasolo, M. (2022). Protective and risk activities for emotional and behavioural well‐being of children and adolescents during the COVID‐19 lockdown. Child: Care, Health and Development, 48(6), 895–900. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.13003

Nieuwboer, C., Fukkink, R., & Hermanns, J. (2013). Online programs as tools to improve parenting: A meta-analytic review. Children And Youth Services Review, 35(11), 1823-1829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2013.08.008

Novianti, R., Rusandi, M. A., & Situmorang, D. D. B. (2023). Internet-based parenting intervention: A systematic review. Heliyon. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14671

O'Dea, B., Han, J., Batterham, P. J., Achilles, M. R., Calear, A. L., Werner-Seidler, A., … Christensen, H. (2020). A randomised controlled trial of a relationship-focussed mobile phone application for improving adolescents' mental health. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61(8), 899– 913. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13294

Panza, C., Volta, A., Broccoli, S., Bonvicini, L., Kendall, S., Marchesi, M. and Rossi, P.G., 2020. Evaluation of an intervention aimed at supporting new parents: the Baby Newsletter project. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 46(1), pp.1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-020-00886-5

Payne, L., Flannery, H., Kambakara Gedara, C., Daniilidi, X., Hitchcock, M., Lambert, D., Taylor, C., & Christie, D. (2020). Business as usual? Psychological support at a distance. Clinical child psychology and psychiatry, 25(3), 672–686. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104520937378

Pedrosa, A. L., Bitencourt, L., Fróes, A. C. F., Cazumbá, M. L. B., Campos, R. G. B., de Brito, S. B. C. S., & Simões e Silva, A. C. (2020). Emotional, behavioral, and psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566212

Perdomo, A. S., Byrne, S., & Rodrigo, M. J. (2022). Evaluation of the “Positive Parent”, a Spanish web-based program to promote positive parenting in a Personal Learning Environment. Electronic Journal of Research in Education Psychology, 20(56), 177-200. https://doi.org/10.25115/ejrep.v20i56.5208

Powell, B., Cooper, G., Hoffman, K., & Marvin, B. (2013). The circle of security intervention: Enhancing attachment in early parent-child relationships. Guilford publications.

Prime, H., Andrews, K., Markwell, A., Gonzalez, A., Janus, M., Tricco, A. C., ... & Atkinson, L. (2023). Positive Parenting and Early Childhood Cognition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 1-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-022-00423-2

Rathore, V., Mitchell, A. E., Morawska, A., & Tadakamadla, S. K. (2022). Online Parenting Intervention for Children's Eating and Mealtime Behaviors: Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 10(5), 924. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10050924

Sampaio, F., Barendregt, J. J., Feldman, I., Lee, Y. Y., Sawyer, M. G., Dadds, M. R., Scott, J. G., & Mihalopoulos, C. (2018). Population cost-effectiveness of the Triple P Parenting Programme for the treatment of conduct disorder: An economic modelling study. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 27(7), 933–944 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-017-1100-1

Sanders, M. R., & Kirby, J. N. (2012). Consumer engagement and the development, evaluation, and dissemination of evidence-based parenting programs. Behavior therapy, 43(2), 236-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2011.01.005

Schein, S. S., Roben, C. K., Costello, A. H., & Dozier, M. (2023). Assessing changes in parent sensitivity in telehealth and hybrid implementation of Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up during the COVID-19 pandemic. Child maltreatment, 28(1), 24-33. https://doi.org/10.1177/10775595211072516

Shields, A., & Cicchetti, D. (1997). Emotion regulation among school-age children: The development and validation of a new criterion Q-sort scale. Developmental Psychology, 33(6), 906–916. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.33.6.906

Shen, Q., Guo, W., Guo, T., Li, J., He, W., Ni, S., ... & Peng, H. (2020). Novel coronavirus infection in children outside of Wuhan, China. Pediatric pulmonology, 55(6), 1424-1429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104699

Shorey, S., Lau, Y. Y., Dennis, C. L., Chan, Y. S., Tam, W. W., & Chan, Y. H. (2017). A randomized-controlled trial to examine the effectiveness of the ‘home-but not alone’ mobile-health application educational programme on parental outcomes. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 73(9), 2103– 2117. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13293

Spencer, C. M., Topham, G. L., & King, E. L. (2020). Do online parenting programs create change?: A meta-analysis. Journal of Family Psychology, 34(3), 364–374. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000605

Thongseiratch, T., Leijten, P., & Melendez-Torres, G. J. (2020). Online parent programs for children’s behavioral problems: a meta-analytic review. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(11), 1555–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01472-0

Trumello, C., Bramanti, S. M., Lombardi, L., Ricciardi, P., Morelli, M., Candelori, C., Crudele, M., Cattelino, E., Baiocco, R., Chirumbolo, A., & Babore, A. (2022). COVID‐19 and home confinement: A study on fathers, father–child relationships and child adjustment. Child: Care, Health & Development, 48(6), 917–923. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12912

Tuntipuchitanon, S., Kangwanthiti, I. O., Jirakran, K., Trairatvorakul, P., & Chonchaiya, W. (2022). Online positive parenting programme for promoting parenting competencies and skills: randomised controlled trial. Scientific reports, 12(1), 6420. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10193-0

Verhage, M. L., Schuengel, C., Madigan, S., Fearon, R. M. P., Oosterman, M., Cassibba, R., … & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2016). Narrowing the transmission gap: A synthesis of three decades of research on intergenerational transmission of attachment. Psychological Bulletin, 142, 337– 366. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000038

Wong, M. S., & Chien, W. T. (2023). A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of an Online Educational Program for Primiparous Women to Improve Breastfeeding. Journal of human lactation: official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association, 39(1), 107–118. https://doi.org/10.1177/08903344221125129

Woodhouse, S. S., Powell, B., Cooper, G., Hoffman, K., & Cassidy, J. (2018). The circle of security intervention: Design, research, and implementation. Handbook of attachment-based interventions (pp. 50–78). The Guilford Press.

Xie, E. B., Freeman, M., Penner-Goeke, L., Reynolds, K., Lebel, C., Giesbrecht, G. F., Rioux, C., MacKinnon, A., Sauer-Zavala, S., Roos, L. E., & Tomfohr-Madsen, L. (2023). Building Emotional Awareness and Mental Health (BEAM): an open-pilot and feasibility study of a digital mental health and parenting intervention for mothers of infants. Pilot and feasibility studies, 9(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-023-01245-x

Yap, D. F. F., Nasir, N., Tan, K. S., & Lau, L. H. (2019). Variables which predict maternal self‐efficacy: A hierarchical linear regression analysis. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 32(4), 841-848. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12575




DOI: https://doi.org/10.13129/2282-1619/mjcp-3794

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.