Working memory training with technological innovation in older adults with mild neurocognitive disorder: a systematic review using ToS (Tree of Science) methodology
Abstract
Objective: Working memory training has shown both physical and cognitive benefits in aging population. However, these gains are not clear after brain injury and mild cognitive disorder. Thus, the aim of this study is to identify the current state of the scientific literature on technology-mediated working memory training in adults with mild neurocognitive impairment.
Methods: A systematic review was performed, following the PRISMA guidelines in English language in the Scopus, Web of Science and Pubmed databases. We included articles that were experimental studies, from the last 7 years, with older adults, in English language and studies related to working memory training in patients with minor neurocognitive disorder, and excluded those that had a different methodological design, were studies with incomplete information, were subjective and not interpretable and studies in patients with severe neurological diseases and psychiatric diseases.
Results: A total of 745 articles were identified, 675 were eliminated after reading the title, abstract and keywords because they did not fit the specificity of the research topic or the population, and after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 1334 articles were eliminated, and 70 were evaluated for eligibility, and of these only 30 met the quality criteria.
Conclusion: Neurological changes in mild neurocognitive impairment reduce the ability to simultaneously maintain and process information to perform complex tasks. The findings of the systematic review support the sensitivity and ecological validity of neuropsychological rehabilitation mediated by virtual reality, computerized training, video games and robotics in working memory training in adults with mild neurocognitive disorder because it represents a protective factor for mental health, allowing brain stimulation and the development of skills that favor social interaction, problem solving and maintenance of cognitive reserve.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) (Fifth Edition). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Amjad, I., Toor, H., Niazi, I. K., Pervaiz, S., Jochumsen, M., Shafique, M., … & Ahmed, T. (2019). Xbox 360 Kinect Cognitive Games Improve Slowness, Complexity of EEG, and Cognitive Functions in Subjects with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Control Trial. Games for health journal, 8(2), 144–152. https://doi.org/10.1089/g4h.2018.0029
Anderson N. D. (2019). State of the science on mild cognitive impairment (MCI). CNS spectrums, 24(1), 78–87. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852918001347
Baddeley, A. (2017). Exploring working memory: Selected works of Alan Baddeley. Exploring Working Memory: Selected works of Alan Baddeley. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315111261
Bahar-Fuchs, A., Webb, S., Bartsch, L., Clare, L., Rebok, G., Cherbuin, N., & Anstey, K. J. (2017). Tailored and Adaptive Computerized Cognitive Training in Older Adults at Risk for Dementia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Alzheimer's disease: JAD, 60(3), 889–911. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-170404
Barban, F., Annicchiarico, R., Pantelopoulos, S., Federici, A., Perri, R., Fadda, L., … & Caltagirone, C. (2016). Protecting cognition from aging and Alzheimer's disease: a computerized cognitive training combined with reminiscence therapy. International journal of geriatric psychiatry, 31(4), 340–348. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4328
Binotti, P., Spina, D., Barrera, M. L., & Donolo, D. (2009). Funciones ejecutivas y aprendizaje en el envejecimiento normal. Estimulación cognitiva desde una mirada psicopedagógica. Revista Chilena de Neuropsicología, 4(2), 119-126.
Blasco Bataller, S., & Meléndez Moral, J. C. (2006). Cambios en la memoria asociados al 47 envejecimiento. Geriatrika, 22(5), 21–27.
Calero García, M.ª Dolores, & Navarro-González, Elena. (2006). Eficacia de un programa de entrenamiento en memoria en el mantenimiento de ancianos con y sin deterioro cognitivo. Clínica y Salud, 17(2), 187-202.
Cancino, Margarita, & Rehbein, Lucio. (2016). Factores de riesgo y precursores del Trastorno neurocognitivo leve: Una mirada sinóptica. Terapia psicológica, 34(3), 183-189. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-48082016000300002
Cherniack E. P. (2011). Not just fun and games: applications of virtual reality in the identification and rehabilitation of cognitive disorders of the elderly. Disability and rehabilitation. Assistive technology, 6(4), 283–289. https://doi.org/10.3109/17483107.2010.542570
Chiu, H. L., Chu, H., Tsai, J. C., Liu, D., Chen, Y. R., Yang, H. L., & Chou, K. R. (2017). The effect of cognitive-based training for the healthy older people: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PloS one, 12(5), e0176742. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176742
Coyle, H., Traynor, V., & Solowij, N. (2015). Computerized and virtual reality cognitive training for individuals at high risk of cognitive decline: systematic review of the literature. The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, 23(4), 335–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2014.04.009
Damirchi, A., Hosseini, F., & Babaei, P. (2018). Mental Training Enhances Cognitive Function and BDNF More Than Either Physical or Combined Training in Elderly Women With MCI: A Small-Scale Study. American journal of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, 33(1), 20–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/1533317517727068
Djabelkhir, L., Wu, Y.-H., Vidal, J.-S., Cristancho-Lacroix, V., Marlats, F., Lenoir, H., … & Rigaud, A.-S. (2017). Computerized cognitive stimulation and engagement programs in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: comparing feasibility, acceptability, and cognitive and psychosocial effects. Clinical Interventions in Aging, Volume 12, 1967–1975. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S145769
Doraiswamy, P. M., Blease, C., & Bodner, K. (2020). Artificial intelligence and the future of psychiatry: Insights from a global physician survey. Artificial intelligence in medicine, 102, 101753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artmed.2019.101753
Duff, K., Ying, J., Suhrie, K. R., Dalley, B. C. A., Atkinson, T. J., Porter, S. M., … & Wolinsky, F. D. (2022). Computerized Cognitive Training in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Journal of geriatric psychiatry and neurology, 35(3), 400–409. https://doi.org/10.1177/08919887211006472
Fiatarone Singh, M. A., Gates, N., Saigal, N., Wilson, G. C., Meiklejohn, J., Brodaty, H., … & Valenzuela, M. (2014). The Study of Mental and Resistance Training (SMART) study—resistance training and/or cognitive training in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized, double-blind, double-sham controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 15(12), 873–880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2014.09.010
Flak, M. M., Hol, H. R., Hernes, S. S., Chang, L., Engvig, A., Bjuland, K. J., … & Løhaugen, G. C. C. (2019). Adaptive Computerized Working Memory Training in Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment. A Randomized Double-Blind Active Controlled Trial. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 807. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00807
Gates, N. J., Vernooij, R. W., Di Nisio, M., Karim, S., March, E., Martínez, G., & Rutjes, A. W. (2019). Computerised cognitive training for preventing dementia in people with mild cognitive impairment. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 3(3), CD012279. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012279.pub2
Gavelin, H. M., Dong, C., Minkov, R., Bahar-Fuchs, A., Ellis, K. A., Lautenschlager, N. T., … & Lampit, A. (2021). Combined physical and cognitive training for older adults with and without cognitive impairment: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ageing research reviews, 66, 101232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2020.101232
Glegg, S. M., Holsti, L., Stanton, S., Hanna, S., Velikonja, D., Ansley, B., … & Brum, C. (2014). Using virtual reality in clinical practice: A multi-site exploratory study. NeuroRehabilitation, 35(3), 563–577. https://doi.org/10.3233/NRE-141152
González, F., C. Massad, et al. (2009). Estudio Nacional de la Dependencia en las Personas Mayores, Senama. https://laboratoriobuzz.udp.cl/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/2010estudio-sobre-las-personas-mayores-2010..pdf
Gooding, A. L., Choi, J., Fiszdon, J. M., Wilkins, K., Kirwin, P. D., van Dyck, C. H., … & Rivera Mindt, M. (2016). Comparing three methods of computerised cognitive training for older adults with subclinical cognitive decline. Neuropsychological rehabilitation, 26(5-6), 810–821. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2015.1118389
Hill, NTM, Mowszowski, L., Naismith, SL, Chadwick, VL, Valenzuela, M. y Lampit, A. (2017). Entrenamiento cognitivo computarizado en adulto mayorescon trastorno neurocognitivo leve o demencia: una revisión sistemática y metanálisis. Soy. J. Psiquiatría 174, 329–340. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16030360
Holden M. K. (2005). Virtual environments for motor rehabilitation: review. Cyberpsychology & behavior: the impact of the Internet, multimedia and virtual reality on behavior and society, 8(3), 187–219. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2005.8.187
Hsieh, C. C., Lin, P. S., Hsu, W. C., Wang, J. S., Huang, Y. C., Lim, A. Y., & Hsu, Y. C. (2018). The Effectiveness of a Virtual Reality-Based Tai Chi Exercise on Cognitive and Physical Function in Older Adults with Cognitive Impairment. Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders, 46(5-6), 358–370. https://doi.org/10.1159/000494659
Hughes, T. F., Flatt, J. D., Fu, B., Butters, M. A., Chang, C.-C. H., & Ganguli, M. (2014). Interactive video gaming compared with health education in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a feasibility study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 29(9), 890–898. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4075
Huntley, J. D., & Howard, R. J. (2010). Working memory in early Alzheimer's disease: a neuropsychological review. International journal of geriatric psychiatry, 25(2), 121–132. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2314
Hwang, JH y Park, MS (2018). Efecto de un programa de realidad virtual de doble tarea para personas mayores con trastorno neurocognitivo leve . coreano J. Clin. Laboratorio. ciencia 50, 492–500. https://doi:10.15324/kjcls.2018.50.4.492
Hyer, L., Scott, C., Atkinson, M. M., Mullen, C. M., Lee, A., Johnson, A., & Mckenzie, L. C. (2016). Cognitive Training Program to Improve Working Memory in Older Adults with MCI. Clinical gerontologist, 39(5), 410–427. https://doi.org/10.1080/07317115.2015.1120257
Jirayucharoensak, S., Israsena, P., Pan-ngum, S., Hemrungrojn, S., & Maes, M. (2019). A game-based neurofeedback training system to enhance cognitive performance in healthy elderly subjects and in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Clinical Interventions in Aging, Volume 14, 347–360. https://doi:10.2147/cia.s189047
Kim, A., Darakjian, N., & Finley, J. M. (2017). Walking in fully immersive virtual environments: an evaluation of potential adverse effects in older adults and individuals with Parkinson's disease. Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation, 14(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-017-0225-2
Kim, H., Hong, J. P., Kang, J. M., Kim, W. H., Maeng, S., Cho, S. E., … & Bae, J. N. (2021). Cognitive reserve and the effects of virtual reality-based cognitive training on elderly individuals with mild cognitive impairment and normal cognition. Psychogeriatrics : the official journal of the Japanese Psychogeriatric Society, 21(4), 552–559. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyg.12705
Klekociuk, S. Z., & Summers, M. J. (2014) Exploring the validity of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subtypes: Multiple-domain amnestic MCI is the only identifiable subtype at longitudinal follow-up. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 36:3, 290-301, https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2014.890699
Landínez Martínez , D. A., & Montoya Arenas , D. A. . (2021). Alteración en la memoria de trabajo tras enfermedad vascular cerebral: una revisión sistemática . Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos De Psicología, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.18270/chps.v21i1.3533
Landínez Martínez, D. A., & Montoya Arenas, D. A. (2021). Entrenamiento de la memoria de trabajo en la enfermedad vascular cerebral: revisión sistemática. Medicina UPB, 40(2), 22–32. https://doi.org/10.18566/medupb.v40n2.a04
Lee, E. H., Kim, B. R., Kim, H., Kim, S. H., Chun, M. Y., Park, H. K., … & Kim, G. H. (2020). Four-Week, Home-Based, Robot Cognitive Intervention for Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Dementia and neurocognitive disorders, 19(3), 96–107. https://doi.org/10.12779/dnd.2020.19.3.96
Li, B. Y., He, N. Y., Qiao, Y., Xu, H. M., Lu, Y. Z., Cui, P. J., … & Chen, S. D. (2019). Computerized cognitive training for Chinese mild cognitive impairment patients: A neuropsychological and fMRI study. NeuroImage. Clinical, 22, 101691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101691
Liao, Y. Y., Chen, I. H., Lin, Y. J., Chen, Y., & Hsu, W. C. (2019). Effects of Virtual Reality-Based Physical and Cognitive Training on Executive Function and Dual-Task Gait Performance in Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Control Trial. Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 11, 162. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2019.00162
Lim, E. H., Kim, D. S., Won, Y. H., Park, S. H., Seo, J. H., Ko, M. H., & Kim, G. W. (2023). Effects of Home Based Serious Game Training (Brain Talk™) in the Elderly With Mild Cognitive Impairment: Randomized, a Single-Blind, Controlled Trial. Brain & NeuroRehabilitation, 16(1), e4. https://doi.org/10.12786/bn.2023.16.e4
López-Higes, R., Martín-Aragoneses, M. T., Rubio-Valdehita, S., Delgado-Losada, M. L., Montejo, P., Montenegro, M., … & López-Sanz, D. (2018). Efficacy of Cognitive Training in Older Adults with and without Subjective Cognitive Decline Is Associated with Inhibition Efficiency and Working Memory Span, Not with Cognitive Reserve. Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 10, 23. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2018.00023
Lustig, C., Shah, P., Seidler, R., & Reuter-Lorenz, P. A. (2009). Aging, training, and the brain: a review and future directions. Neuropsychology review, 19(4), 504–522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-009-9119-9
Maeng, Seri & Hong, Jin & Kim, Hyeyoung & Kim, Hyeyoung & Cho, Seo-Eun & Kang, … & Sang jin. (2021). Effects of Virtual Reality-Based Cognitive Training in the Elderly with and without Mild Cognitive Impairment. Psychiatry investigation. 18. https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2020.0446
Manenti, R., Gobbi, E., Baglio, F., Macis, A., Ferrari, C., Pagnoni, I., ... & Cotelli, M. (2020). Effectiveness of an Innovative Cognitive Treatment and Telerehabilitation on Subjects With Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Multicenter, Randomized, Active-Controlled Study. Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 12, 585988. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2020.585988
Manera V, Chapoulie E, Bourgeois J, Guerchouche R, David R, Ondrej J, et al. (2016) A Feasibility Study with Image-Based Rendered Virtual Reality in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia. PLoS ONE 11(3): e0151487 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151487
Meng, Q., Yin, H., Wang, S., Shang, B., Meng, X., Yan, M., … & Chen, L. (2022). The effect of combined cognitive intervention and physical exercise on cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Aging clinical and experimental research, 34(2), 261–276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-021-01877-0
Mezzalira, S., Scandurra, C., Pergola, R.F., Maldonato, N.M., Montero, I., Bochicchio, V. (2021). Psychological benefits and efficacy of computer-assisted training in improving competence in adults with intellectual disabilities. A systematic review. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.13129/2282-1619/mjcp-3178
Morrison, A. B., and Chein, J. M. (2011). Does working memory training work? the promise and challenges of enhancing cognition by training working memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 18, 46–60. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-010-0034-0
Nichols, E., Steinmetz, J. D., Vollset, S. E., Fukutaki, K., Chalek, J., Abd-Allah, F., ... & Liu, X. (2022). Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet Public Health, 7(2), e105-e125. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00249-8
Ocaña Montoya, Carmen María, Montoya Pedrón, Arquímedes, & Bolaño Díaz, Guillermo Antonio. (2019). Perfil clínico neuropsicológico del deterioro cognitivo subtipo posible Alzheimer. MEDISAN, 23(5), 875-891.
Osaka, N., Logie, R.H., D'Esposito, M. (2012). The cognitive neuroscience of working memory. London. Oxford Academy. 1–408. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570394.001.0001.
Ownby, R. L., & Kim, J. (2021). Computer-Delivered Cognitive Training and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Patients With HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder: A Randomized Trial. Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 13, 766311. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.766311
Pais, R., Ruano, L., P Carvalho, O., & Barros, H. (2020). Global Cognitive Impairment Prevalence and Incidence in Community Dwelling Older Adults-A Systematic Review. Geriatrics (Basel, Switzerland), 5(4), 84. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics5040084
Park, E., Yun, B. J., Min, Y. S., Lee, Y. S., Moon, S. J., Huh, J. W., … & Jung, T. D. (2019). Effects of a Mixed Reality-based Cognitive Training System Compared to a Conventional Computer-assisted Cognitive Training System on Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Study. Cognitive and behavioral neurology : official journal of the Society for Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology, 32(3), 172–178. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNN.0000000000000197
Park, J. S., Jung, Y. J., & Lee, G. (2020). Virtual Reality-Based Cognitive-Motor Rehabilitation in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Study on Motivation and Cognitive Function. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 8(3), 335. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8030335
Prince, M. J., Wu, F., Guo, Y., Gutierrez Robledo, L. M., O'Donnell, M., Sullivan, R., & Yusuf, S. (2015). The burden of disease in older people and implications for health policy and practice. Lancet (London, England), 385(9967), 549–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61347-7
Pappalardo, S.M. (2020). Vlad - Virtual Reality Application for Treatment of Psychosomatic Conditions: A report at final stage of software validation process. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.6092/2282-1619/mjcp-2868
Quintero-López, C., Gil-Vera, V. D., Landinez-Martínez, D. A.,Vargas-Gaviria, J. P., & Gómez-Muñoz, N. (2023). Predictive Neurocognitive Model of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnosis. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.21134/rpcna.2022.09.3.7
Ramnath, U., Rauch, L., Lambert, E. V., & Kolbe-Alexander, T. (2021). Efficacy of interactive video gaming in older adults with memory complaints: A cluster-randomized exercise intervention. PloS one, 16(5), e0252016. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252016
Rand, D., Kizony, R., & Weiss, P. T. (2008). The Sony PlayStation II EyeToy: low-cost virtual reality for use in rehabilitation. Journal of neurologic physical therapy: JNPT, 32(4), 155–163. https://doi.org/10.1097/NPT.0b013e31818ee779
Ribeiro, F. S., Teixeira-Santos, A. C., & Leist, A. K. (2022). The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in Latin America and the Caribbean: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging & mental health, 26(9), 1710–1720. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2021.2003297
Rizzo, AA, Buckwalter, JG, Bowerly, T., Van Der Zaag, C., Humphrey, L., Neumann, U., et al. (2000). El aula virtual: un entorno de realidad virtual para la evaluación y rehabilitación de los déficits de atención. Ciberpsicología. Comportamiento 3, 483–499. https://doi.org/10.1089/10949310050078940
Robert, P. H., König, A., Amieva, H., Andrieu, S., Bremond, F., Bullock, R., ... & Manera, V. (2014). Recommendations for the use of Serious Games in people with Alzheimer's Disease, related disorders and frailty. Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 6, 54. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2014.00054
Roosink, M., Robitaille, N., Jackson, P. L., Bouyer, L. J., & Mercier, C. (2016). Interactive virtual feedback improves gait motor imagery after spinal cord injury: An exploratory study. Restorative neurology and neuroscience, 34(2), 227–235. https://doi.org/10.3233/RNN-150563
Savulich, G., Piercy, T., Fox, C., Suckling, J., Rowe, J. B., O'Brien, J. T., & Sahakian, B. J. (2017). Cognitive Training Using a Novel Memory Game on an iPad in Patients with Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI). The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology, 20(8), 624–633. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyx040
Styliadis, C., Kartsidis, P., Paraskevopoulos, E., Ioannides, A. A., & Bamidis, P. D. (2015). Neuroplastic effects of combined computerized physical and cognitive training in elderly individuals at risk for dementia: an eLORETA controlled study on resting states. Neural plasticity, 2015, 172192. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/172192
Taheri, A., Meghdari, A., Alemi, M. y Pouretemad, H. (2018). Intervenciones clínicas de robots humanoides sociales en el tratamiento de un conjunto de gemelos iraníes autistas de alto y bajo funcionamiento. ciencia Iranica 25, 1197–1214. https://doi.org/10.24200/SCI.2017.4337
Ten Brinke, LF, Best, JR, Crockett, RA y Liu-Ambrose, T. (2018). Los efectos de un programa de entrenamiento cognitivo computarizado de 8 semanas en adulto mayor mayors mayores: un protocolo de estudio para un ensayo controlado aleatorio. BMC Geriatrics. 18:31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-018-0730-6
Thapa, N., Park, H., Yang, J., Kim, H., Son, H., Jang, M., Lee, J. and Park, H. (2020), The effect of virtual reality (VR)-based intervention program on brain and cognition in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Alzheimer's Dement., 16: e042835. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.042835
Tomaszewski Farias, S., Gravano, J., Weakley, A., Schmitter-Edgecombe, M., Harvey, D., Mungas, D., . . . Giovannetti, T. (2020). El Cuestionario de Compensación Cotidiana (EComp): Validez de Construcción y Asociaciones con el Diagnóstico y el Cambio Longitudinal en la Cognición y la Función Cotidiana en Adulto mayor mayors Mayores. Revista de la Sociedad Internacional de Neuropsicología, 26 (3), 303-313. https://doi.org/10.1017/S135561771900119X
Torpil, B., Şahin, S., Pekçetin, S., & Uyanık, M. (2021). The Effectiveness of a Virtual Reality-Based Intervention on Cognitive Functions in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Single-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial. Games for health journal, 10(2), 109–114. https://doi.org/10.1089/g4h.2020.0086
Vega Rozo, F., Rodríguez, O., Montenegro, Z., & Dorado, C. (2016). Efecto de la implementación de un programa de estimulación cognitiva en una población de adulto mayoresinstitucionalizados en la ciudad de Bogotá Effect of implementing a program of cognitive stimulation in a population of institutionalized elderly in. Revista Chile Neuropsicológica, 11(1), 12–18. https://doi.org/10.5839/rcnp.2016.11.01.03
Villalba, S., & Tortajada, E. (2014). Estimulación cognitiva: una revisión neuropsicológica. Therapeía 6. 73-93, ISSN: 1889, 6111. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5149523
Villaronga, EF (2016). “What do roboticists need to know about the future of robot law,” en New Friends Conference Proceedings, New Friends: 2nd International Conference on Social Robots in Therapy and Education (Barcelona). https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12369-019-00605-z
Winblad, B., Palmer, K., Kivipelto, M., Jelic, V., Fratiglioni, L., Wahlund, L. O., … & Petersen, R. C. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment--beyond controversies, towards a consensus: report of the International Working Group on Mild Cognitive Impairment. Journal of internal medicine, 256(3), 240–246. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01380.x
Yang, H. L., Chu, H., Kao, C. C., Chiu, H. L., Tseng, I. J., Tseng, P., & Chou, K. R. (2019). Development and effectiveness of virtual interactive working memory training for older people with mild cognitive impairment: a single-blind randomised controlled trial. Age and ageing, 48(4), 519-525. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afz029
Yuan, F., Klavon, E., Liu, Z., Lopez, R. P., & Zhao, X. (2021). A Systematic Review of Robotic Rehabilitation for Cognitive Training. Frontiers in robotics and AI, 8, 605715. https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2021.605715
Zhang, H., Huntley, J., Bhome, R., Holmes, B., Cahill, J., Gould, R. L., … & Howard, R. (2019). Effect of computerised cognitive training on cognitive outcomes in mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ open, 9(8), e027062. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027062
DOI: https://doi.org/10.13129/2282-1619/mjcp-3884
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.