Preliminary study on the standardization of the individual Zulliger test on non-clinical Italian population

Riccardo Caporale, Antonio Maccarone, Cettina Allone, Palmira Faraci, Giuseppe Craparo

Abstract


Introduction: Projective methods are recognized as a core instrument in the description and interpretation of personality. The Zulliger test (Z-test) is based on the Rorschach Inkblot test, but it consists of only three cards. It has been mainly used in the collective administration mode and in the context of human resources assessment in organizations. The aim of the present study is to start a standardization of the Z-test on non-clinical Italian population, in individual administration mode.


Method: Sample was composed by 360 healthy subjects (180 male and 180 females, mean age 38.25), divided into age groups (18-30; 31-45; 46-60) and education (high and low). All subjects were administered the Z-test in individual form.


Results: Results show popular responses for each card, obtained by 17% of sample, and answers of statistical good formal quality, reported by at least 2% of subjects.


Conclusion: Although this study has some limitations, it can be considered a good starting point for introducing the Z-test into clinical practice. In future research the sample may be expanded, also including clinical population and detecting specific psychopathological indicators.

Keywords


Zulliger test; Projective methods; Standardization; Individual administration; Clinical Psychology.

Full Text:

PDF

References


Bolcek, L., Poledňová, I., & Franková, E. (2012). Applying the Zulliger Test in selecting and assessing employees–a study from the Czech Republic.

Caporale, R., & Roberti, L. (2019). Manuale di psicodiagnostica clinica integrata: Psychodiagnostic Multi-level System (PMS). FrancoAngeli.

Caporale R., Seghetti V., Di Marzio R., Sellaroli F. (2022). Hans Zulliger: vita ed opere di un clinico eclettico, Mente e Cura, XIII, 10.

Caporale R., Allone C., Maccarone A., Craparo G. (2023). The clinical use of the Zulliger Test in the assessment of personality functioning and psychopathology. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.13129/2282-1619/mjcp-3627

Caporale R., Capraro G., Sellaroli F., Seghetti V., Di Marzio R. (2023). Struttura gestaltica e significato psicodinamico delle tavole Zulliger: un’ipotesi di approccio funzionale performance-based. Mente e cura, XIII, 11.

Cardoso, L. M., Gomes, G. V. A., & Vieira, T. S. (2018). Validity evidence of the Zulliger-SC Test to children’s assessment. Psico-USF, 23, 451-460. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712018230305

Carruba P., Castiello d’Antonio A. (2008), Zulliger Test. La tecnica proiettiva di Hans Zulliger nella diagnosi della personalità. Caratteristiche, dati normativi e applicazioni. Franco Angeli, Milano.

Castiello d’Antonio A. (2012), La tecnica proiettiva di Hans Zulliger nella selezione psicologica delle risorse umane. Personale e lavoro, 541, 15-21.

Cicioni, R. (2016). Il Test di Rorschach: manuale di raccolta, siglatura e diagnosi: metodo italiano Scuola Romana Rorschach. Kappa.

Dalgleish, T., Black, M., Johnston, D., & Bevan, A. (2020). Transdiagnostic approaches to mental health problems: Current status and future directions. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 88(3), 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000482

Eble, S.J., Fernald, L.D., & Graziano A.M. (1963. The comparability of quantitative Rorschach and Z-Test data. Journal of Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment, 27(2), 166-170. https://doi.org/10.1080/0091651X.1963.10120029

Ferreira, M. E. A., & Villemor-Amaral, A. E. D. (2005). The Zulliger test and job performance evaluation. Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto), 15, 367-376.

Frank, L. K. (1939). Projective methods for the study of personality. Psychol, 8, 389-413.

Giambelluca, F. C., Parisi, S., & Pes, P. (1995). L'interpretazione psicoanalitica del Rorschach: modello dinamico strutturale. Edizioni Kappa.

Gonçalves, A. P., & Villemor-Amaral, A. E. D. (2020). Zulliger R-Optimized in the evaluation of depressive characteristics. Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto), 30. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-4327e3023

Grazziotin, J. B. D. D., & Scortegagna, S. A. (2022). The Reliability of the Zulliger Test (2009-2019): Case Studies. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 38, e38514. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102.3772e38514.en

Grazziotin, J. B. D. D., Tognon, A. P., & Scortegagna, S. A. (2023). Temporal Stability of the Zulliger Test in Brazilian Adults. Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto), 33, e3304. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-4327e3304

Lefkowitz, M. M. (1968). Screening juvenile delinquents for psychopathology by use of the Z-Test. Journal of Projective Techniques & Personality Assessment, 32(5), 475-478. https://doi.org/10.1080/0091651X.1968.10120520

Lilienfeld, S. O., Wood, J. M., & Garb, H. N. (2000). The scientific status of projective techniques. Psychological science in the public interest, 1(2), 27-66. https://doi.org/10.1111/1529-1006.002

Lima, E. D. S. D., Scortegagna, S. A., & De Marchi, A. C. B. (2021). Zulliger R-Optimized Application in Children Victims of Sexual Violence and Cancer. Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto), 31, e3115. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-4327e3115

Lis, A., & Zennaro, A. (1997). Nuovi contributi allo studio del test di Rorschach e dello Zulliger test. UPSEL Domenghini.

Mattlar, C. E., Sandahl, C., Lindberg, S., & Lehtinen, V. (1990). Methodological issues associated with the application of the comprehensive system when analysing the Zulliger, and the structural resemblance between the Zulliger and the Rorschach. British Journal of Projective Psychology.

Merlo, E. M., Myles, L. A. M., & Settineri, S. (2022). A Call for Greater Specification of Core Beliefs. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.13129/2282-1619/mjcp-3618

Meschieri, L. (1950). Humer et interprétation des mouvements d’extension et de flexion sur le test de Rorschach. Contributi CNR 9-13.

Mihura, J. L. (2012). The necessity of multiple test methods in conducting assessments: The role of the Rorschach and self-report. Psychological Injury and Law, 5(2), 97-106. 10.1007/s12207-012-9132-9

Morey, L. C., & McCredie, M. N. (2019). Convergence between Rorschach and self-report: A new look at some old questions. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 75(1), 202-220. 10.1002/jclp.22701

Nuñez, A. M., Padilla, L., Lara, G., Guzman, L., Boustoure, M. A., Traversaro, N., ... & Simonotto, T. (2009). Equivalencia en los indicadores de pronóstico terapéutico en el Test de Zulliger individual y colectivo. In I Congreso Internacional de Investigación y Práctica Profesional en Psicología XVI Jornadas de Investigación Quinto Encuentro de Investigadores en Psicología del MERCOSUR. Facultad de Psicología-Universidad de Buenos Aires. https://www.aacademica.org/000-020/765

Parisi, S. & Pes, S. (2003), Origini dello Z-diapositive test. In Rortutor, Manuale di Psicodiagnostica Rorschach [Online software], Roma.

Pereira Gonçalves, A., & Elisa de Villemor-Amaral, A. (2020). Zulliger R-Optimized in the Evaluation of Depressive Characteristics. Paideia (0103863X), 30.

Rapaport, D. (1942). Principles underlying projective techniques. Character & Personality, 10(3).

Sargent, H. (1945). Projective methods: their origins, theory, and application in personality research. Psychological Bulletin, 42(5), 257. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0060846

Villemor-Amaral, A. E. (2005). As pirâmides coloridas de Pfister. Sao Paulo, SP: Centro Editor de Testes e Pesquisas em Psicologia.

Villemor-Amaral, A. E. et Primi, R. (2009). Manual de codificação e interpretação do Zulliger no sistema compreensivo. São Paulo, Brésil: Casa do Psicólogo.

Villemor-Amaral, A. E., & Gomes, G. V. A. (2020). Comparison of pathological and healthy indicators of Zulliger with R-optimized administration. Psicologia: teoria e prática, 22(3), 37-54. 10.5935/1980-6906/psicologia.v22n3p37-54

Weiss, J. L., & Seidman, L. J. (1988). The clinical use of psychological and neuropsychological tests.

Zulliger, H. (1948). Der Diapositiv-Z-Test: drei Diapositive. Bern: Hans Huber.

Zulliger, H. (1955). Der Diapositiv-Z-Test: ein Formdeutungsverfahren zur psychologischen Untersuchung von Gruppen. Drei Diapositive. Beil. 1. Huber.

Zulliger, H. (1969). The Zulliger individual and group test. International Universities Press Inc.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.13129/2282-1619/mjcp-4042

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.