Relationship between Anxiety, Depressive Symptoms and Mild Neurocognitive Disorder in Older Adults: A Systematic Review

José Enrique Villa Castaño, Carolina Hernández Muñoz, Daniel Alfredo Landínez Martínez

Abstract


Background: Neurocognitive disorder (NCD) presents its highest prevalence in older adults, with the rate of diagnoses expected to triple in the next two decades due to the accelerated aging of the population. The etiology of this disorder is diverse, with notable comorbidity with anxiety and/or depressive symptoms, and there are modifiable risk factors that highlight significant prevention potential.


Objective: This systematic review aimed to examine the current scientific literature findings to answer the research question: What is the relationship between anxiety and depressive symptoms and mild cognitive impairment?


Methodology: The search was conducted in the Web of Science and Scopus databases in March 2024, using the search equation: ("depressive symptoms" OR "anxiety symptoms") AND ("older person" OR elderly OR aging) AND ("cognitive decline" OR "cognitive performance" OR "mild cognitive impairment"), with a date range from January 2020 to March 2024. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed, and the results were uploaded to the Tree of Science platform.


Results: The resulting articles were organized into three perspectives: Anxiety and depression in mild Neurocognitive disorder, Functional and structural neuroanatomy of mild NCD in relation to anxiety and depressive symptoms, and Predictors and psychosocial profile of mild NCD.


Conclusion: Research confirms a significant relationship between both anxiety and depressive symptoms and mild NCD, though the nature of this relationship is still unclear. Establishing the psychosocial profile of older adults, as a characterization tool, promises to be very helpful for the clinical management of mild NCD and preventing its progression to major neurocognitive disorder (major NCD). The percentage of modifiable risk factors in mild NCD is 40%, presenting a substantial opportunity to reduce the prevalence of neurocognitive disorders in adulthood.


Keywords


Anxiety; Clinical Psychology; Depression; Neurocognitive disorder; Psychosocial profile.

Full Text:

PDF

References


American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

Arbeláez, M. C., Jaramillo, V. G., Landinez, D. A. (2023). Relationship Between Executive dysfunction and Suicidal Attempt in Adults Diagnosed with Depression: A Systematic Review. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology 11(3). https://doi.org/10.13129/2282-1619/mjcp-3797

Aschwanden, D., Sutin, A. R., Luchetti, M., Ó Súilleabháin, P. S., Stephan, Y., Sesker, A. A., Lee, J. H., & Terracciano, A. (2022). The bite is worse than the bark: Associations of personality and depressive symptoms with memory discrepancy. Psychology and aging, 37(5), 575–590. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000675

Bai, W., Zhang, J., Smith, R. D., Cheung, T., Su, Z., Ng, C. H., Zhang, Q., & Xiang, Y. (2023). Inter-relationship between cognitive performance and depressive symptoms and their association with quality of life in older adults: A network analysis based on the 2017–2018 wave of Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). Journal Of Affective Disorders, 320, 621-627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.159

Barnes, D. E., Yaffe, K., Byers, A. L., McCormick, M., Schaefer, C., & Whitmer, R. A. (2012). Midlife vs late-life depressive symptoms and risk of dementia: differential effects for Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Archives of general psychiatry, 69(5), 493–498. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1481

Brenowitz, W. D., Zeki Al Hazzouri, A., Vittinghoff, E., Golden, S. H., Fitzpatrick, A. L., & Yaffe, K. (2021). Depressive Symptoms Imputed Across the Life Course Are Associated with Cognitive Impairment and Cognitive Decline. Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD, 83(3), 1379–1389. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-210588

Butters, M. A., Bhalla, R. K., Andreescu, C., Wetherell, J. L., Mantella, R., Begley, A. E., & Lenze, E. J. (2011). Changes in neuropsychological functioning following treatment for late-life generalised anxiety disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 199(3), 211-218. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.090217

Cachón-Alonso, L., Hakulinen, C., Jokela, M., Komulainen, K., & Elovainio, M. (2023). Loneliness and cognitive function in older adults: Longitudinal analysis in 15 countries. Psychology and aging, 38(8), 778–789. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000777

Carmel, S., & Tur-Sinai, A. (2022). Cognitive decline among European retirees: impact of early retirement, nation-related and personal characteristics. Ageing and Society, 42(10), 2343-2369. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x21000064

Chan, C. K., Soldan, A., Pettigrew, C., Wang, J., Albert, M., Rosenberg, P. B., & the BIOCARD Research Team. (2020). Depressive symptoms and CSF Alzheimer's disease biomarkers in relation to clinical symptom onset of mild cognitive impairment. Alzheimer's & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/dad2.12106

Chapman, S., Weiss, D., Broulíková, H. M., Sunderaraman, P., Barker, M. S., Joyce, J. L., Azar, M., McKeague, I., Kriesl, W. C., & Cosentino, S. (2022). Examining the Role of Aging Perceptions in Subjective Cognitive Decline. Alzheimer disease and associated disorders, 36(4), 288–294. https://doi.org/10.1097/WAD.0000000000000518

Chiari-Correia, R. D., Tumas, V., Santos, A. C., & Salmon, C. E. G. (2023). Structural and functional differences in the brains of patients with MCI with and without depressive symptoms and their relations with Alzheimer's disease: an MRI study. Psychoradiology, 3, kkad008. https://doi.org/10.1093/psyrad/kkad008

Christman, S., Bermudez, C., Hao, L., Landman, B. A., Boyd, B., Albert, K., Woodward, N., Shokouhi, S., Vega, J., Andrews, P., & Taylor, W. D. (2020). Accelerated brain aging predicts impaired cognitive performance and greater disability in geriatric but not midlife adult depression. Translational psychiatry, 10(1), 317. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-01004-z

Deckers, K., van Boxtel, M. P. J., Schiepers, O. J. G., de Vugt, M., Muñoz Sánchez, J. L., Anstey, K. J., Brayne, C., Dartigues, J.-F., Engedal, K., Kivipelto, M., Ritchie, K., Starr, J. M., Yaffe, K., Irving, K., Verhey, F. R. J., & Köhler, S. (2015). Target risk factors for dementia prevention: a systematic review and Delphi consensus study on the evidence from observational studies: Major risk factors for dementia prevention. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 30(3), 234-246. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4245

Du, Y., Yan, F., Zhao, L., Fang, Y., Qiu, Q., Wei, W., Wang, J., Tang, Y., Lin, X., & Li, X. (2022). Depression symptoms moderate the relationship between gray matter volumes and cognitive function in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Journal of psychiatric research, 151, 516–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.05.017

Freak-Poli, R., Wagemaker, N., Wang, R., Lysen, T. S., Ikram, M. A., Vernooij, M. W., Dintica, C. S., Vernooij-Dassen, M., Melis, R. J. F., Laukka, E. J., Fratiglioni, L., Xu, W., & Tiemeier, H. (2022). Loneliness, Not Social Support, Is Associated with Cognitive Decline and Dementia Across Two Longitudinal Population-Based Cohorts. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 85(1), 295-308. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-210330

Gao, Z., Liu, C., Li, Y., Mei, X., Wei, X., Kuang, J., Zhou, K., & Xu, M. (2022). Longitudinal Association Between Depressive Symptoms and Cognitive Function Among Older Adults: A Latent Growth Curve Modeling Approach. International Journal Of Public Health, 67. https://doi.org/10.3389/ijph.2022.1605124

Geraets, A. F., Leist, A. K., Deckers, K., Verhey, F. R., Schram, M. T., & Köhler, S. (2023). Contributions of modifiable risk factors to increased dementia risk in depression. Psychological Medicine, 53(14), 6583-6591. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291722003968

Golüke, N. M. S., Koek, H. L., Houter, E. M., de Brouwer, E. J. M., Claus, J. J., Staekenborg, S. S., Emmelot-Vonk, M. H., de Jong, P. A., & de Jonghe, A. (2022). Prevalence and Association of Basal Ganglia Calcifications and Depressive Symptoms in Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment or Dementia. Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders, 36(4), 335-339. https://doi.org/10.1097/wad.0000000000000523

Gómez-Tabares, A. S., Restrepo, J. E., Aguirre, N. H., & González- Pérez, A. (2024). Suicidal risk in young adults: interactions between depression, hopelessness and purpose in life. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology 12(1). https://doi.org/10.13129/2282-1619/mjcp-4047

Greig Custo, M. T., Lang, M. K., Barker, W. W., Gonzalez, J., Vélez-Uribe, I., Arruda, F., Conniff, J., Rodriguez, M. J., Loewenstein, D. A., Duara, R., Adjouadi, M., Curiel, R. E., & Rosselli, M. (2022). The association of depression and apathy with Alzheimer's disease biomarkers in a cross-cultural sample. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2022.2079414

Guo, Y., Pai, M., Xue, B., & Lu, W. (2023). Bidirectional association between depressive symptoms and mild cognitive impairment over 20 years: Evidence from the Health and Retirement Study in the United States. Journal of affective disorders, 338, 449–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.06.046

Handing, E. P., Hayden, K. M., Leng, X. I., & Kritchevsky, S. B. (2023). Predictors of cognitive and physical decline: Results from the Health Aging and Body Composition Study. Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 15, 1122421. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2023.1122421

Hemphill, L., Valenzuela, Y., Luna, K., Szymkowicz, S. M., & Jones, J. D. (2023). Synergistic associations of depressive symptoms and aging on cognitive decline in early Parkinson's disease. Clinical Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 8, 100192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prdoa.2023.100192

Hill, N. L., Bhargava, S., Bratlee-Whitaker, E., Turner, J. R., Brown, M. J., & Mogle, J. (2021). Longitudinal Relationships Between Subjective Cognitive Decline and Objective Memory: Depressive Symptoms Mediate Between-Person Associations. Journal of Alzheimer's disease: JAD, 83(4), 1623–1636. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-210230

Hou, Z., Wang, X., Wang, Y., Wang, J., & Zhong, J. (2020). Association of depressive symptoms with decline of cognitive function—Rugao longevity and ageing study. Neurological Sciences, 41(7), 1873-1879. https://doi.org/10.1159/000519453

Huang, W., Zhu, W., Chen, H., Li, F., Huang, J., Zhou, Y., Sun, X., & Lan, Y. (2022). Longitudinal association between depressive symptoms and cognitive decline among middle-aged and elderly population. Journal of affective disorders, 303, 18–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.01.107

Jing, Y., Wang, W., Peng, W., Wang, M., Chen, X., Liu, X., Wang, P., Yan, F., Yang, Y., Wang, X., Sun, S., Ruan, Y., & Wang, Y. (2023). Social support and cognitive function in Chinese older adults who experienced depressive symptoms: is there an age difference?. Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 15, 1175252. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2023.1175252

Jokisch, M., Schramm, S., Weimar, C., Moebus, S., Gronewold, J., Dragano, N., & Jöckel, K.-H. (2022). Fluctuation of depressive symptoms in cognitively unimpaired participants and the risk of mild cognitive impairment 5 years later: Results of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall study. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2022.988621

Jones, E. C., Holleman Jones, E., McNally, S., Sarles Whittlesey, H., Surprenant, B., Campbell, I., Oshri, A., & Sweet, L. H. (2022). Associations between anxiety, centromedial amygdala volume, and complex verbal fluency in middle-aged to older adults. Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, 44(10), 730–742. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2023.2173149

Lang, M., Rosselli, M., Greig, M. T., Torres, V. L., Vélez-Uribe, I., Arruda, F., Barker, W. W., Garcia, P., Loewenstein, D. A., Curiel, R. E., & Duara, R. (2021). Depression and the Diagnosis of MCI in a Culturally Diverse Sample in the United States. Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, 36(2), 214–230. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz043

Lee, A. T. C., Fung, A. W. T., Richards, M., Chan, W., Chiu, H., Lee, R. S., & Lam, L. (2021a). Risk of incident dementia varies with different onset and courses of depression. Journal Of Affective Disorders, 282, 915-920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.195

Lee, M., Nam, J. H., Yi, E., Bhimla, A., Nelson, J., & Ma, G. X. (2021b). Differences in Subjective Memory Impairment, Depressive Symptoms, Sleep, and Physical Activity in African American and Asian American Elderly. Brain sciences, 11(9), 1155. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11091155

Li, W., Sun, L., Yue, L., & Xiao, S. (2024). Relationship between serum apolipoprotein B levels and depressive symptoms in elderly Chinese patients with mild cognitive impairment: A large-scale cross-sectional and five-year follow-up study. Journal of affective disorders, 344, 329–334.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.028

Liew, T. M. (2020). Subjective cognitive decline, anxiety symptoms, and the risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Alzheimer's Research & Therapy, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-020-00673-8

Livingston, G., Huntley, J., Sommerlad, A., Ames, D., Ballard, C., Banerjee, S., Brayne, C., Burns, A., Cohen-Mansfield, J., Cooper, C., Costafreda, S. G., Dias, A., Fox, N., Gitlin, L. N., Howard, R., Kales, H. C., Kivimäki, M., Larson, E. B., Ogunniyi, A., … Mukadam, N. (2020). Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission. The Lancet, 396(10248), 413-446. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30367-6

Lu, W., Pai, M., Scholes, S., & Xue, B. (2021). Do depressive symptoms link chronic diseases to cognition among older adults? Evidence from the Health and Retirement Study in the United States. Journal Of Affective Disorders, 294, 357-365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.07.012

Moulinet, I., Touron, E., Mézenge, F., Dautricourt, S., De La Sayette, V., Vivien, D., Marchant, N. L., Poisnel, G., & Chételat, G. (2022). Depressive Symptoms Have Distinct Relationships With Neuroimaging Biomarkers Across the Alzheimer's Clinical Continuum. Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 14, 899158. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2022.899158

Nelson, M. E., Andel, R., & Hort, J. (2023). Cognitive reserve, neuropathology, and progression towards Alzheimer's disease. Aging, 15(13), 5963–5965. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.204909

Pacas Fronza, G., Byrne, G., Appadurai, K., Pachana, N., & Dissanayaka, N. N. W. (2024). Anxiety Symptoms in Australian Memory Clinic Attendees with Cognitive Impairment: Differences Between Self, Carer-, and Clinician-Report Measures. Clinical gerontologist, 47(2), 215–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/07317115.2023.2231940

Pérez-Blanco, L., Felpete-López, A., Nieto-Vieites, A., Lojo-Seoane, C., Campos-Magdaleno, M., Fernández-Feijoo, F., Juncos-Rabadán, O., & Pereiro, A. X. (2024). Predicting progression of cognitive decline to dementia using dyadic patterns of subjective reporting: evidence from the CompAS longitudinal study. Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 16, 1319743. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2024.1319743

Petersen, R. C. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. Journal of internal medicine, 256(3), 183–194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01388.x

Petersen, R. C., & Morris, J. C. (2005). Mild Cognitive Impairment as a Clinical Entity and Treatment Target. Archives of Neurology, 62(7), 1160. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.62.7.1160

Petersen, R. C. (2016). Mild Cognitive Impairment. Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.), 22(2 Dementia), 404–418. https://doi.org/10.1212/CON.0000000000000313

Piers, R. J., Liu, Y., Ang, T. F. A., Tao, Q., Au, R., & Qiu, W. Q. (2021). Association Between Elevated Depressive Symptoms and Cognitive Function Moderated by APOE4 Status: Framingham Offspring Study. Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD, 80(3), 1269–1279. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-200998

Ranieri, J., Guerra, F., Angione, A. L., Di Giacomo, D., & Passafiume, D. (2021). Cognitive Reserve and Digital Confidence among Older Adults as New Paradigm for Resilient Aging. Gerontology & geriatric medicine, 7, 2333721421993747. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333721421993747

Robledo, S., Osorio, G., & López, C. (2014). Networking en pequeña empresa: una revisión bibliográfica utilizando la teoria de grafos. Revista vínculos, 11(2), 6-16. https://dx.doi.org/10.14483/2322939X.9664

Rozzini, L., Chilovi, B. V., Peli, M., Conti, M. Z., Rozzini, R., Trabucchi, M., & Padovani, A. (2008). Anxiety symptoms in mild cognitive impairment. International Journal Of Geriatric Psychiatry, 24(3), 300-305. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2106

Rubin-Norowitz, M., Lipton, R. B., Petersen, K., Ezzati, A., & for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. (2022). Association of Depressive Symptoms and Cognition in Older Adults Without Dementia Across Different Biomarker Profiles. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 88(4), 1385-1395. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-215665

Sachdev, P. S., Lipnicki, D. M., Kochan, N. A., Crawford, J. D., Thalamuthu, A., Andrews, G., Brayne, C., Matthews, F. E., Stephan, B. C. M., Lipton, R. B., Katz, M. J., Ritchie, K., Carrière, I., Ancelin, M.-L., Lam, L. C. W., Wong, C. H. Y., Fung, A. W. T., Guaita, A., Vaccaro, R., … Cohort Studies of Memory in an International Consortium (COSMIC). (2015). The Prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Diverse Geographical and Ethnocultural Regions: The COSMIC Collaboration. PLOS ONE, 10(11), e0142388. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142388

Schaeffer, M. J., MacDonald, S. W. S., & Paterson, T. S. E. (2024). Premorbid personality traits as predictors for incident predementia syndromes: a multistate model approach. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS, 1–11. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617723011505

Sharifian, N., Gu, Y., Manly, J. J., Schupf, N., Mayeux, R., Brickman, A. M., & Zahodne, L. B. (2020). Linking depressive symptoms and cognitive functioning: The mediating role of leisure activity. Neuropsychology, 34(1), 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000595

Siew, S. K. H., Yu, J., Kua, E. H., & Mahendran, R. (2023). Psychosocial profiles within community-dwelling older adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A prevalence and latent profile analysis study. Asian journal of psychiatry, 82, 103503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103503

Smith, L., Jacob, L., López-Sánchez, G. F., Butler, L., Barnett, Y., Veronese, N., Soysal, P., Yang, L., Grabovac, I., Tully, M. A., Shin, J. I., & Koyanagi, A. (2021). Anxiety symptoms and mild cognitive impairment among community-dwelling older adults from low- and middle-income countries. Journal of affective disorders, 291, 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.076

Welstead, M., Luciano, M., Muniz-Terrera, G., Saunders, S., Mullin, D. S., & Russ, T. C. (2021). Predictors of Mild Cognitive Impairment Stability, Progression, or Reversion in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD, 80(1), 225–232.mhttps://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-201282

Wu, Z., Zhong, X., Peng, Q., Chen, B., Zhang, M., Zhou, H., Mai, N., Huang, X., & Ning, Y. (2021). Longitudinal Association Between Cognition and Depression in Patients With Late-Life Depression: A Cross-Lagged Design Study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.577058

Wu, Y., Mao, Z., Cui, F., Fan, J., Yuan, Z., & Tang, L. (2023). Neurocognitive Characteristics of Subjective Cognitive Decline and Its Association with Objective Cognition, Negative Emotion, and Sleep Quality in Chinese Elderly. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, Volume 19, 2261-2270. https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s430929

Yang, F., Fu, M., Hu, Q., & Guo, J. (2023). The associations between cognitive function and depressive symptoms among older Chinese population: A cohort study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1081209

Yang, X., Pan, A., Gong, J., Wen, Y., Ye, Y., Wu, J., Pan, X., & Yang, C. (2020). Prospective associations between depressive symptoms and cognitive functions in middle-aged and elderly Chinese adults. Journal Of Affective Disorders, 263, 692-697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.048

Zaheed, A. B., Chervin, R. D., Spira, A. P., & Zahodne, L. B. (2023). Mental and physical health pathways linking insomnia symptoms to cognitive performance 14 years later. Sleep, 46(3), zsac262. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsac262

Zahodne, L. B., Sharifian, N., Kraal, A. Z., Sol, K., Zaheed, A. B., Manly, J. J., & Brickman, A. M. (2021). Positive Psychosocial Factors and Cognitive Decline in Ethnically Diverse Older Adults. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS, 27(1), 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617720000648

Zhang, B., Lin, Y., Hu, M., Sun, Y., Xu, M., Hao, J., & Zhu, C. (2022). Associations between trajectories of depressive symptoms and rate of cognitive decline among Chinese middle-aged and older adults: An 8-year longitudinal study. Journal Of Psychosomatic Research, 160, 110986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.110986

Zhang, Z., Wei, F., Shen, X.-N., Ma, Y.-H., Chen, K.-L., Dong, Q., Tan, L., & Yu, J.-T. (2020). Associations of Subsyndromal Symptomatic Depression with Cognitive Decline and Brain Atrophy in Elderly Individuals without Dementia: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 274, 262-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.097

Zhou, L., Ma, X., & Wang, W. (2021). Relationship between Cognitive Performance and Depressive Symptoms in Chinese Older Adults: The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Journal Of Affective Disorders, 281, 454-458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.059

Zhu, X., Luchetti, M., Aschwanden, D., Sesker, A. A., Stephan, Y., Sutin, A. R., & Terracciano, A. (2022). Satisfaction With Life and Risk of Dementia: Findings From the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging. The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences, 77(10), 1831–1840. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbac064

Zhu, Y., Li, C., Wu, T., Wang, Y., Hua, R., Ma, Y., & Xie, W. (2023). Associations of cumulative depressive symptoms with subsequent cognitive decline and adverse health events: Two prospective cohort studies. Journal Of Affective Disorders, 320, 91-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.128




DOI: https://doi.org/10.13129/2282-1619/mjcp-4242

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.