Dalla virtù al buon comportamento. Le prime esperienze di istruzione pubblica e laica nell'età delle riforme teresina-giuseppine: con qualche esempio della Brescia veneziana
Abstract
La riforma scolastica di Maria Teresa d’Austria (1774) pone la scuola al centro di un ambizioso programma di riforme sociali, economiche e politiche; un obiettivo, a sua volta, raggiungibile solo attraverso un profondo ripensamento del sistema educativo, modellato secondo il metodo normale. Grazie alla nuova didattica la scuola è in grado di introiettare negli individui forme di disciplinamento dei pensieri e dei comportamenti tanto pubblici quanto privati. Il controllo sociale, pertanto, si definisce attorno ad una “civiltà delle buone maniere” fondata sull’autodisciplina e sulla coscienza sociale del cittadino. Questo modello esemplare di cittadinanza si esprime in forma letteraria nelle Novelle morali di Francesco Soave. Le novelle del Soave non offrono solo modelli di virtù civili e religiose, ma conducono il lettore alla distinzione del bene dal male attraverso l’uso della ragione (altro obiettivo del metodo normale).
Il saggio si chiude con una rapida analisi del sistema educativo del Dipartimento del Mella (Brescia), nell’Italia napoleonica. Sebbene partorito dalla “tirannide”, il metodo normale è posto al centro del sistema educativo bresciano e visto come strumento per la costruzione di una cittadinanza “democratica”.
The school reform of Maria Theresa of Austria raises the educational system as the hub of her ambitious program voted to the reform of the political, economic and cultural system. Such a target could not be reached without a radical innovation of the school system throughout their conformation to the didactical principles of the normal method. By the new didactic the school is able to introject into the individuals a strong discipline both in their thoughts both in their social and private behaviors. In this way, social control is founded on the basis of a "civilization of manners", where citizens have self-control and social consciousness. Such a model of citizenship finds their literary form in the Francesco Soave's schoolbook Novelle morali. Soave's short stories show models of civil and religious virtues but, even more, they drive the reader to a distinct separation of the good from the bad thanks to the use of the reason (another target of the normal method). The conclusion of the essay is focused to a short analysis of the educational system of the Province of Brescia during the Napoleonic Era.It's interesting to observe how a didactic generated by the ancient tyranny is now used by the new "democratic" political system as a instrument of consent focused on the education of a "free citizen".
Il saggio si chiude con una rapida analisi del sistema educativo del Dipartimento del Mella (Brescia), nell’Italia napoleonica. Sebbene partorito dalla “tirannide”, il metodo normale è posto al centro del sistema educativo bresciano e visto come strumento per la costruzione di una cittadinanza “democratica”.
The school reform of Maria Theresa of Austria raises the educational system as the hub of her ambitious program voted to the reform of the political, economic and cultural system. Such a target could not be reached without a radical innovation of the school system throughout their conformation to the didactical principles of the normal method. By the new didactic the school is able to introject into the individuals a strong discipline both in their thoughts both in their social and private behaviors. In this way, social control is founded on the basis of a "civilization of manners", where citizens have self-control and social consciousness. Such a model of citizenship finds their literary form in the Francesco Soave's schoolbook Novelle morali. Soave's short stories show models of civil and religious virtues but, even more, they drive the reader to a distinct separation of the good from the bad thanks to the use of the reason (another target of the normal method). The conclusion of the essay is focused to a short analysis of the educational system of the Province of Brescia during the Napoleonic Era.It's interesting to observe how a didactic generated by the ancient tyranny is now used by the new "democratic" political system as a instrument of consent focused on the education of a "free citizen".
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PDFDOI: https://doi.org/103271/